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AbhishekBatabyal
Curious
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  1. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Meaning A valuation account is a balance sheet account that is paired with another balance sheet account to report the carrying amount of the paired account at a reduced value. The purpose of a valuation account is to reduce the balance of the concerned asset or liability without affecting the mainRead more

    Meaning

    A valuation account is a balance sheet account that is paired with another balance sheet account to report the carrying amount of the paired account at a reduced value.

    The purpose of a valuation account is to reduce the balance of the concerned asset or liability without affecting the main ledger account.  This is a conservative approach to use valuation accounts to present the value of the concerned asset or liability at a reduced value.

    The most common example of a valuation account is the ‘Provision for doubtful debts account’. It appears in the balance sheet as a reduction from the debtors’ accounts. Also when the amount is transferred to this provision, it appears in the statement of profit and loss account. But it doesn’t appear in the debtors’ account ledger.

    Treatment

    A valuation account appears only in the balance sheet. Sometimes, it also appears in the profit and loss account when any amount is transferred to it.

    Valuation accounts are only used in accrual accounting. They cannot be used in cash-based accounting as there is no flow of cash related to valuation accounts.

    They have a balance opposite of their paired accounts i.e. if their paired account is an asset then they will have a credit balance and if it is a liability then they will have a debit balance.

    Other Examples of valuation accounts are as follows:

    1. Provision for doubtful debts (offsets the account receivables or debtors’ account)
    2. Accumulated depreciation (report the assets net of depreciation)
    3. Discount on bonds payable (reduces the reporting balance of bond payable account)
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Aadil
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  1. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA

    When it is said that furniture is purchased for office use, it means it is an asset for the business and the journal entry for this event will be the following: Furniture A/c Dr. Amt To Cash/Bank / Vendor A/c Cr. Amt (Being furniture purchased for office use) Explanation of the journal as per the goRead more

    When it is said that furniture is purchased for office use, it means it is an asset for the business and the journal entry for this event will be the following:

    Furniture A/c Dr. Amt
    To Cash/Bank / Vendor A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being furniture purchased for office use)

    Explanation of the journal as per the golden rules of accounting

    The furniture account is a real account because it represents a material asset and the golden rule for real accounts is “Debit what comes in, credit what goes out”. Hence, the furniture account is debited as it is increased. The cash and bank are also real accounts and they are debited because there is an outflow from cash or bank.

    If the furniture is purchased on credit then the vendor account is credited. A vendor account represents a person and the golden rule for personal accounts is, “Debit the receiver, credit the giver”. It is credited as the furniture is given by the vendor.

    Explanation of journal as per modern rules of accounting

    The furniture account is an asset account hence it is debited as asset accounts are debited on increase. Cash and bank accounts are also assets accounts and they are credited as they are decreased on the purchase of furniture.

    A vendor account is a liability account as there is an obligation to pay the vendor. It is credited as it is increased. Liability accounts are credited on the increase and vice versa.

    When furniture is purchased for personal use

    If the furniture is purchased for personal use and the payment is made or is to be made out of business, then the asset will not be recognised as an asset for the business and it will be recorded as a drawing. It will be deducted out of capital. The journal entry will be the following:

    Capital  A/c Dr. Amt
    To Drawings A/c Cr. Amt
    (Being furniture purchased for personal use)

     

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Aadil
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  1. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom

    When a firm grants an extra amount of reward to its employees based on their performance, it is termed a bonus. An accrued bonus is contingent on performance. Bonus accruals are recorded in the books so that inaccuracies can be avoided in the financial statements. Such bonuses may be given as a singRead more

    When a firm grants an extra amount of reward to its employees based on their performance, it is termed a bonus. An accrued bonus is contingent on performance. Bonus accruals are recorded in the books so that inaccuracies can be avoided in the financial statements.

    Such bonuses may be given as a single flare amount or as a percentage of their salaries. These bonuses can be given quarterly or annually or in any manner in which the firm decides.

    If the bonus is accrued to its employees at 5% of their salary of Rs 30,000, then the accrual bonus can be shown in the journal as follows:

    The bonus expense account is debited because according to the modern rule of accounting “Increase in expense is debited”. Accrued bonus liability is credited because according to the rule of accounting, “Increase in liability is credited”.

    When it is time to pay such bonus amounts to its employees, then they can be journalised as:

    In this case, the accrued bonus liability is eliminated and hence debited because according to the rule of accounting, “ Decrease in liability is debited” whereas cash account is credited since “the decrease in the asset is credited.”:

    Failing to accrue these bonuses will lead to an overstatement of revenues in the financial statements and hence result in inaccurate data. If employees do not meet the required performance targets, then a bonus will not be given and hence the entries will be reversed.

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Aadil
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  1. Pooja_Parikh Aspiring Chartered Accountant

    Goods and services tax (GST) is an indirect tax that was introduced in place of other indirect taxes like value-added tax, service tax, purchase tax, etc. It was introduced to ensure that only one tax would be applicable all over India. Reverse Charge is a mechanism where the liability to pay tax onRead more

    Goods and services tax (GST) is an indirect tax that was introduced in place of other indirect taxes like value-added tax, service tax, purchase tax, etc. It was introduced to ensure that only one tax would be applicable all over India. Reverse Charge is a mechanism where the liability to pay tax on goods and services lies on the recipient instead of the supplier.

    APPLICABILITY

    Reverse charge is applicable when:

    • It is specified by the CBIC for the supply of certain goods and services.
    • Goods are supplied by an unregistered dealer to a registered dealer.
    • There is a supply of services through an E-commerce operator.

    TIME OF SUPPLY

    As per reverse charge in the case of goods, the time of supply is the earliest of the three:

    • Date of receipt of goods
    • Date of payment
    • The date is immediately after 30 days from the date of issue of invoice from the supplier.

    For example, If goods were received by the supplier on 15th June, and the date of the invoice was on 3rd July but the date of entry in the books of the receiver was 25th June, then the time of supply of goods would be on 15th June.

    As per reverse charge in the case of services, the time of supply is the earliest of the two:

    • Date of payment.
    • Date immediately after 60 days from the date of issue of invoice by the supplier.

    For example, if the date of payment of services provided was on 16th July, and the date of issue of the invoice was on 15th May ( 60 days from 15th May is 14th July), then the time of supply of services would be 14th July.

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Aadil
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  1. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Meaning We know that an account in ledger format has two amount columns i.e. debit and credit amount columns. Now, most of the time, the total of debit and credit sides do not match.  The difference between their totals is called the balance of the account and it is posted on the shorter side. ThisRead more

    Meaning

    We know that an account in ledger format has two amount columns i.e. debit and credit amount columns. Now, most of the time, the total of debit and credit sides do not match.  The difference between their totals is called the balance of the account and it is posted on the shorter side. This result in equalling the total of both sides, hence this act is called ‘balancing an account.

    Types of balances

    Balancing an account is a very usual practice so that the balance of an account can be known. An account can have two types of balances:

    • Debit balance, where the debit side total is more than the credit side total.
    • Credit balance, where the credit side is more than the debit side total.

    The balance of an account is posted on the shorter side. It means:

    • The debit balance will be shown on the credit side as the credit side total is shorter. (posted as ‘By Balance c/d’)
    • The credit balance will be shown on the debit side as the debit side total is shorter (posted as ‘To Balance c/d’)

    Example

    The following is a cash account that is not balanced:

     

    We can see the debit side is ₹800 more than the credit side. It means there is a debit balance. It will be posted on the credit side as ‘By balance c/d’ to balance the account.

    Exceptions

    Balance of the income and the expense accounts (nominal accounts)are not computed. Instead, they are closed to trading account or profit and loss account to balance their amount totals. For example, the salaries account and sales accounts

    Only the balance of the following types of accounts are computed and carried forwarded to successive accounting years:

    • Assets
    • Liabilities
    • Capital

    The balance of these accounts is shown on the trial balance and balance sheet as well.

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A_Team
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  1. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA

    In trial balance, the treatment of the general reserve is that it is presented on the credit side. A trial balance is a statement prepared to check the arithmetical accuracy of the books of accounts. It features the closing balances of all the assets, liabilities and equity of a business. General reRead more

    In trial balance, the treatment of the general reserve is that it is presented on the credit side.

    A trial balance is a statement prepared to check the arithmetical accuracy of the books of accounts. It features the closing balances of all the assets, liabilities and equity of a business.

    General reserve is a free reserve created out of revenue profits of a business to meet future needs and uncertainties. By free reserve, we mean dividends can be freely declared and distributed out of it.

    Since the general reserve is an internal liability i.e. liability to the owner or owners or the business, it has a credit balance and is hence shown on the credit side of the trial balance.

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A_Team
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  1. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom

    Working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities of a business. Current assets include cash, debtors and stock whereas current liabilities include creditors and short term loans etc. FORMULA Current Assets - Current Liabilities = Working Capital Zero workinRead more

    Working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities of a business. Current assets include cash, debtors and stock whereas current liabilities include creditors and short term loans etc.

    FORMULA

    Current Assets – Current Liabilities = Working Capital

    Zero working capital is when a company has the exact same amount of current assets and current liabilities. When both are equal, the difference becomes zero and hence the name, Zero working capital. Working Capital may be positive or negative. When current assets exceed current liabilities, it shows positive working capital and when current liabilities exceed current assets, it shows negative working capital.

    Zero working capital can be operated by adopting demand-based production. In this method, the business only produces units as and when they are ordered by the customers. Through this method, all stocks of finished goods will be eliminated. Also, raw material is only ordered based on the amount of demand.

    This reduces the investment in working capital and thus the investment in long term assets can increase. The company can also use the funds for other purposes like growth or new opportunities.

    EXAMPLE

    Suppose a company has Inventory worth Rs 3,000, Debtors worth Rs 4,000 and cash worth Rs 2,000. The creditors of the company are Rs 6,000 and short term borrowings are Rs 3,000.

    Now, total assets = Rs 9,000 ( 3,000 + 4,000 + 2,000)
    And total liabilities = Rs 9,000 ( 6,000 + 3,000)
    Therefore, working capital = 9,000 – 9,000 = 0

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