AccountingQA Latest Questions

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A_Team
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  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    Specimen of Ledger account This is the specimen of a ledger account. J.F. here represents the journal folio. A Ledger account is an account that consists of all the business transactions that take place during the current financial year. For Example, cash, bank, machinery, A/c receivable account, etRead more

    Specimen of Ledger account

    This is the specimen of a ledger account. J.F. here represents the journal folio.

    A Ledger account is an account that consists of all the business transactions that take place during the current financial year.

    For Example, cash, bank, machinery, A/c receivable account, etc.

    After the financial data is recorded in the Journal. It is then classified according to the nature of accounts viz. Asset, liability, expenses, revenue, and capital to be posted in the ledger account.

    With this head, the identification as to whether the opening balance will come under the debit side or the credit side is done.

    The table below would help to understand the concept of opening balance in the ledger.

    For further clarification of the concept let me give you a practical example.

    Suppose, a manufacturing firm Amul purchased machinery for, say, Rs 2,50,000. The installation charges were Rs 25,000 and the opening balance of machinery during the year was Rs 5,00,000.

    So as the machinery account comes under the category assets, its opening balance would come under the debit side of the ledger account.

    And as purchase and installation charges mean expenses for the firm, they would also come under the debit side of the account.

    And in case of any sale of a part of the machinery, it would be posted on the credit side of the account as the sales would generate revenue for the firm.

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A_Team
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Bank statement and bank column of cash book Bank statement and cash column of cash book Bank column of cash book and cash column of cash book None of the above

Bank Reconciliation Statement
  2. Karan B.com and Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    The correct answer is the 1. Bank statement and bank column of the cash book, because it will help the business to verify whether amounts entered and entries recorded are correct or not. It will also help in verifying the balances of bank statements and cash books whether they tally or not. What isRead more

    The correct answer is the 1. Bank statement and bank column of the cash book, because it will help the business to verify whether amounts entered and entries recorded are correct or not. It will also help in verifying the balances of bank statements and cash books whether they tally or not.

    What is Reconciliation?

    Reconciliation is an accounting procedure that compares two sets of records to check figures are correct and in agreement. Reconciliation can also be used for personal purposes.

    What is a Bank Reconciliation Statement?

    A statement showing causes of disagreement between the balance of bank statement and bank column of the cash book at the end of a specific period is called a Bank Reconciliation Statement.

    Steps in preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement

    Step 1: Comparing items appearing on the debit and credit sides of the bank statement and bank column of the cash book.

    Step 2: Make a list of missed entries.

    Step 3: Analyse the causes of differences.

    Step 4: Select the date for the preparation of the Bank Reconciliation Statement.

    Step 5: Choose the starting point i.e balance as per cash book or balance as per bank statement.

    Step 6: Adjust the starting point by adding or subtracting the missed entries.

    Step 7: Bank Statement must match with the cash book.

    To prepare a bank reconciliation statement a business will need a bank statement from its bank and cash book which it prepares to record entries.

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A_Team
A_Team
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The balances as per cash column of cash book and passbook The balance as per bank column of cash book and passbook The balance as per Bank column of cash book and ...

Bank Reconciliation StatementDifference Between
  2. Radha M.Com, NET
    This answer was edited.

    A Bank Reconciliation Statement is prepared to know the causes for the difference between 2. the balance as per bank column of cash book and passbook. This is because transactions in Cash Book are recorded from the point of view of the business and the Bank Statement/Pass Book is prepared from the pRead more

    A Bank Reconciliation Statement is prepared to know the causes for the difference between 2. the balance as per bank column of cash book and passbook.

    This is because transactions in Cash Book are recorded from the point of view of the business and the Bank Statement/Pass Book is prepared from the point of view of the banker. Since both are prepared from a different point of view, differences are bound to occur.

    Bank Reconciliation is the process by which on a particular date the bank balance as per Cash Book is reconciled with the balance as per Pass Book/Bank Statement.

    Whenever bank reconciliation is done, we need to identify the reasons or transactions causing the differences between both balances. Then a statement highlighting the reasons or causes of differences is prepared. This statement is known as Bank Reconciliation Statement.

    A Bank Reconciliation Statement is prepared by starting with either the (a) bank balance as per Cash Book or the (b) balance as per Pass Book/Bank Statement. Only those entries which are recorded in the Cash Book but not in the Pass Book/Bank Statement or vice versa are considered while preparing the Bank Reconciliation Statement.

    The reasons for the differences between the two balances can be broadly classified into three categories:

    1. Differences due to timing.
    2. Transactions recorded by the Bank.
    3. Errors.

     

    For example, the debit bank balance as per the Cash Book of Mr. A on 31st March is 20,000. On the same date, his Bank Statement showed a credit balance of 30,000. When the Bank Reconciliation Statement is prepared on 31st March, he will find out the transactions causing the 10,000 (30,000 – 20,000) difference between both the balances. Once the transactions are identified he will reconcile the balance as per the Cash Book with the balance as per his Bank Statement.

     

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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Bill of Exchange
  2. Sandy CMA Final
    This answer was edited.

    Specimen of Bill of Exchange Important points of Bill of Exchange: Date: When a bill of exchange is drawn, the drawer has to specify the date in the top right corner. The date is important for the purpose of calculating the due date of the bill. Generally, the drawee is given three days as a grace pRead more

    Specimen of Bill of Exchange

    Important points of Bill of Exchange:

    Date: When a bill of exchange is drawn, the drawer has to specify the date in the top right corner. The date is important for the purpose of calculating the due date of the bill. Generally, the drawee is given three days as a grace period over and above the due date of maturity.

    In the above specimen, the date mentioned is 25th July 2021, so the due date will be three months + 3 days( grace period) i.e. to say  28th October 2021.

    Term: In the above, the term as agreed by the drawer and drawee is 3 months. So the maturity date will be after 3 months.

    Stamp: The Stamp is affixed in the left corner in every bill of exchange, the value of which depends upon the amount specified in the bill.

    Parties involved in Bill of Exchange:

    1. Drawer: The one who makes the bill, i.e. the creditor.
    2. Drawee: The one on whom the bill is drawn, i.e. the debtor.
    3. Payee: The one to whom the amount is to be paid is the payee.

    Sometimes, the drawer and the payee are the same people.

    For Example,

    i) A bill of exchange for Rs 10,000 is drawn by Sandy on Karan which is due after three months. Karan accepted the bill which is met at maturity and hence becomes the acceptor of the bill by putting his signature.

    Here, Sandy is the drawer and Karan is the drawee. As the payment on maturity is received by Sandy so the payee will be Sandy.

    ii) A bill of exchange for Rs 10,000 is drawn by Sandy on Karan which is due after three months. Karan accepted the bill. Thereafter Sandy endorsed the bill in favor of his creditor, Vikash. The bill is met at maturity.

    So in this case, Sandy is the drawer, Karan is the drawee and Vikash is the payee as he received the amount at maturity.

    Acceptance: Acceptance by the drawee is given on the face of the bill as-

    Meaning of BOE:

    In a business, in the case of credit sales, the payment is received after a certain period of time. In such a case the seller i.e. the creditor makes a credit note and the purchaser i.e. the debtor accepts the same by giving his acceptance by signing the instrument, to pay the amount of money mentioned to a certain person or the bearer of the instrument.

    It is generally a negotiable instrument i.e. can be transferred from one person to another.

    Features of Bill of Exchange.

    1. It is a written document.
    2. It is an unconditional order to pay.
    3. It must be signed by the maker of the bill i.e. the drawer.
    4. It must be properly stamped.
    5. The amount is payable either to a specified person or to his order or to the bearer.
    6. It contains an order to pay the amount mentioned in the instrument both in figures and words.
    7. The amount is to be paid either on the expiry of a fixed period from the date of the bill or on-demand.

     

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Naina@123
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Bill of Exchange
  2. prashant06 B.com, CMA pursuing
    This answer was edited.

    Advantages of Bill of Exchange: Bill of Exchange is generally used as an instrument of credit as it offers many advantages to its users. The advantages are as follows: CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE: It acts as a shred of conclusive evidence in case of any dispute between the parties like seller-buyer, drawer-Read more

    Advantages of Bill of Exchange:

    Bill of Exchange is generally used as an instrument of credit as it offers many advantages to its users. The advantages are as follows:

    • CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE: It acts as a shred of conclusive evidence in case of any dispute between the parties like seller-buyer, drawer-drawee, debtors creditors, etc. Issuing the Bill of Exchange binds the party into a legal relationship. It acts as a legal document and proof in a court of law.

     

    • TERMS AND CONDITIONS: When a Bill of Exchange is issued, it mentions all the terms and conditions of payments. The terms and conditions can be like the amount of bill, date of payments, place of payment, interest amount if any, maturity period, etc.

     

    • ACT AS MEANS OF CREDIT: With the help of the Bill of Exchange, buyers can purchase goods on a credit basis and make payment after the credit period expires. If in case of emergency the drawer can also get such Bills discounted before the maturity period.

     

    • WIDER ACCEPTANCE: The Bills of Exchange carries a wide acceptance feature for the parties through which payments can be received and made without any difficulty.

     

    • RELATIONSHIP FRAMEWORK: The Bill of Exchange acts as an instrument that provides a framework enabling the smooth credit transaction between the parties as per the agreement.

     

    • MUTUAL ACCOMMODATION: Sometimes bills are mutually accommodated for the benefit of the parties. The Bill is drawn and accepted by drawer and drawee. Then the same bill is discounted by the drawer and the agreed sum is remitted to the drawee. This is basically done mutually to provide financial help to each other.
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Vijay
VijayCurious
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Capital ExpenditureRevenue Expenditure
  2. Manvi Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    Capital Expenditure: Capital expenditure is the expenditure incurred by an entity or organization to acquire or purchase a fixed asset. This expenditure forms part of non-current assets. The fixed asset is not expensed at the time of purchase instead, it is depreciated or amortized over its useful lRead more

    Capital Expenditure:

    Capital expenditure is the expenditure incurred by an entity or organization to acquire or purchase a fixed asset. This expenditure forms part of non-current assets. The fixed asset is not expensed at the time of purchase instead, it is depreciated or amortized over its useful life.

    Example of Capital Expenditure:

    • Machinery: Machinery is a tangible non-current asset purchased by a company for business purposes. Since it is a non-current asset company will be using it for more than one accounting period hence, it should be capitalized in the balance sheet under the head assets. Capitalization is a method in which cost is included in the value of the asset and expensed over its useful life.

    For example, XYZ Ltd purchased machinery worth $1,00,000 and its useful life is 10 years.

    In this case, XYZ Ltd will capitalize the amount of machinery because it will be using it for more than one accounting year. Any asset used for more than one accounting year should be capitalized.

    • Installation charges on machinery: This expense is incurred while installing machines in the business premises and is a one-time expenditure. The whole amount of installation will be capitalized along with the cost of machinery in the balance sheet.

    In the above example cost of the machine is given as $1,00,000 and at the time of installation company incurred a further expenditure of $10,000. Here, the company will add the amount of installation with the cost of machinery because the installation charge is a one-time expense. The total cost of the machine will be $1,10,000.

    • Improvement cost of machinery: Any cost incurred in the improvement of the machine will be capitalized. It is so as it will improve the quality or extend the life of the machinery. Hence, this cost should be added to the historic cost of the machine.

    In the above example, after installation charges were incurred historic cost of the machine was $1,10,000. After a few years, the company made some improvements to the machine which amounted to $20,000 and the machine’s useful life was extended to more 5 years.

    The improvement cost of $20,000 will be added to the historical cost of $1,10,000. The total amount of $1,30,000 ($1,10,000+$20,000) will be shown in the balance sheet.

    Revenue Expenditure:

    Revenue expenditure is expenditure incurred for the purpose of trade or to maintain non-current assets. These are short-term expenses and consumed within one accounting year and also known as operating expenses.

    Examples of Revenue Expenditure:

    • Rent: It is an expense paid by the company for using the premises for business purposes to the owner of the premises. It is recurring in nature and hence, should be classified under revenue expenditure.

    For example, a company rented premises for business purposes and paid a monthly rent of $10,000. This expenditure of $10,000 incurred will fall under revenue expenditure because the company is incurring this expenditure monthly.

    • Depreciation: Depreciation is a non-cash expense and it is added back to the cash flow statement, alongside other expenses. This expense is incurred as a basis of consuming a portion of fixed assets for the current period. Depreciation is charged to the fixed assets to reduce their carrying amount as their value is consumed over time. This expense is of recurring in nature.

    For example, a company purchased an asset worth $2,00,000 and charges 10% depreciation every year for 10 years. Since, the company will charge 10% depreciation every year it is recurring in nature and hence, should be considered as revenue expenditure.

    • Purchase of raw material: Raw materials are materials used in primary production for the manufacturing of goods. These are needed on a regular basis and the cost of purchasing them is recurring in nature. Hence, they are classified under revenue expenditure.

    For example, a manufacturing company orders stock of its raw material every quarter. Here, the company is going to reorder stock in every quarter and hence, this will be a revenue expenditure.

    Capital expenditure can be capitalized as a part of non-current assets. Revenue expenditure cannot be capitalized and must be expensed in the statement of profit and loss.

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prashant06
prashant06
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A. Normal wear and tear B. Foreseen obsolescence C. Normal wear & tear & foreseen obsolescence D. Unforeseen obsolescence  

DepreciationFixed Assets
  2. Vijay Curious M.Com
    This answer was edited.

    Depreciation of fixed capital assets refers to C. Normal wear & tear & foreseen obsolescence. Normal wear & tear refers to the damage caused to an asset due to its continuous usage. Even when the asset is properly maintained, wear and tear occurs. Hence, it is considered to be inevitableRead more

    Depreciation of fixed capital assets refers to C. Normal wear & tear & foreseen obsolescence.

    Normal wear & tear refers to the damage caused to an asset due to its continuous usage. Even when the asset is properly maintained, wear and tear occurs. Hence, it is considered to be inevitable and natural.

    For example, Kumar has purchased a car for 25,00,000. After five years he wishes to sell his car. Now the market price of his used car is 12,00,000. This reduction in the value of the car from 25,00,000 to 12,00,000 is because of its usage. This fall in the value of the asset due to usage is known as normal wear & tear.

    In generic terms, obsolescence means something that has become outdated or is no longer being used. Foreseen obsolescence is nothing but obsolescence that is expected.

    In the context of business, whenever the value of an asset falls because it has become outdated or is replaced by a superior version, we call it obsolescence. The fall in the value of the asset due to obsolescence expected by the purchaser of the asset is known as foreseen obsolescence.

    When an asset becomes obsolete it doesn’t mean it is not in working condition. Even when an asset is in good working condition it can become obsolete due to the following reasons:

    • Technology advancement.
    • Change in demand (change in fashion, change in taste and preferences of the consumers, etc.)

     

    For example, before the invention of computers, people used typewriters for getting their paperwork done. With the invention of computers, laptops, etc. it is easier to type as well as save our documents, spreadsheets, etc. Thus typewriters became obsolete with the invention of computers. It has become a technology of the past.

    Here is a summarised version of wear & tear and obsolescence:

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