AccountingQA Latest Questions

Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Capital Redemption Reserve is a statutory reserve, which means it is mandatory for a company to create such reserve when it decides to redeem its preference shares. Capital Redemption Reserve cannot be utilised for any purpose other than the issue of bonus shares. Now let’s understand the reason behRead more

    Capital Redemption Reserve is a statutory reserve, which means it is mandatory for a company to create such reserve when it decides to redeem its preference shares. Capital Redemption Reserve cannot be utilised for any purpose other than the issue of bonus shares.

    Now let’s understand the reason behind it.

    We know preference shares are those shares that carry some preferential rights:

    • Dividend at a fixed rate
    • Right to get repaid before equity shareholders in event of winding up of the company
    • Other rights as specified in the Articles of Associations.

    Also, unlike equity shares, preference shares are redeemable i.e. repaid after a period of time (which cannot be more than 20 years).

    Generally, the creditors of a company have the right to be repaid first. So, in event of redemption of preference shares, the preference shareholders are repaid before creditors and the total capital of the company will but the total debt of the company is unaffected.

    The gap between the debt and equity of the company will further widen and this will also increase the debt-equity ratio of the company. It will be perceived to be a risky scenario by the creditors and lenders of the company because the

    So to protect the creditor and lender, Section 55 of the Companies Act comes to rescue.

    Section 55 of the Companies Act ensure that the creditors and lenders of a company do not find themselves in a riskier situation when the company decides to redeem its preference shares by making it mandatory for a company to either

    • issue new shares to fund the redemption of preference shares

    OR

    • create a capital redemption reserve if it uses profits for redemption

    OR

    • a combination of both

    This will fill up the void created by the redemption of preference shares and the debt-equity ratio will remain unaffected. Keeping an amount aside in Capital Redemption Reserve ensures that such amount will not be used for dividend distribution and capital will be restored because it can be only used to issue bonus shares.

    In this way the debt-equity ratio remains the same, the interest of the creditors and lenders secured.

    Bonus shares are fully paid shares that are issued to existing shareholders at no cost.

    Let’s take a numerical example for further understanding:

    ABC Ltd wants to redeem its 1,000 9% Preference shares at a face value of Rs 100 per share. It has decided to issue 8,000 equity shares @Rs 10 per share and use the profit and reserves to fund the deficit.

    The journal entries will be as follows:

    Working note:                                                                            Rs

    9% preference shares due for redemption (1,000 x 10) – 1,00,000

    Less: Amount of new shares issued (8,000 x 10)           –      80,000

    Amount to be transferred to CRR                                              20,000

    Hence, the reduction of total capital by Rs 1,00,000 due to the redemption of preference shares is reversed by issuing equity shares of Rs 80,000 and creating a Capital Redemption Reserve of Rs 20,000.

     

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Radha
Radha
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  2. Manvi Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    The principal book of accounting is “Ledger”. It records all types of transactions relating to a real, personal or nominal account. It records transactions relating to an income, expense, asset or a liability. A ledger classifies a transaction which is recorded in journal to their respective accountRead more

    The principal book of accounting is “Ledger”. It records all types of transactions relating to a real, personal or nominal account. It records transactions relating to an income, expense, asset or a liability.

    A ledger classifies a transaction which is recorded in journal to their respective accounts, and in the end calculates a closing balance for the same account. The closing balance is further transferred to the financial statements, and hence ledger is called the books of final entry as it gives true and fair picture of an account.

    Template of Ledger:

     

    For example, ABC Ltd purchased machinery for cash amounting to Rs 1,00,000 on 1st January. This transaction will include a machinery account and a cash account. The amount will be recorded in the respective accounts for that period.

    The reason being ledger is called a principal book of accounting is, it helps a business in preparation of trial balance and financial statements.

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Radha
Radha
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  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom

    The term set off in English means to offset something against something else. It thereby refers to reducing the value of an item. In accounting terms, when a debtor can reduce the amount owed to a creditor by cancelling the amount owed by the creditor to the debtor, it is termed as set off. It is coRead more

    The term set off in English means to offset something against something else. It thereby refers to reducing the value of an item. In accounting terms, when a debtor can reduce the amount owed to a creditor by cancelling the amount owed by the creditor to the debtor, it is termed as set off.

    It is commonly used by banks where they seize the amount in a customer’s account to set off the amount of loan unpaid by the customer.

    Types

    There are various types of set-offs as given below:

    • Transaction set-off – This is where a debtor can simply reduce the amount he is owed from the amount he owes to the creditor.
    • Contractual set-off – Sometimes, a debtor agrees to not set off any amount and hence he would have to pay the entire amount to the creditor even if the creditor owed some amount to the debtor.
    • Insolvency set-off – These rules are mandatory and have to be followed under the Insolvency rules 2016.
    • Bankers set-off – Here, the bank sets off the amount of a customer with another account of the customer.

    Example

    Let’s say Divya owes Rs 20,000 to Sherin for the purchase of goods. But, Sherin owed Rs 6,000 to Divya already for use of her Machinery. Therefore, the amount of 6,000 can be set off against the 20,000 owed to Sherin and hence Divya would effectively owe Sherin Rs 14,000.

    This helps in reducing the number of transactions and unnecessary flow of cash.

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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    20 Journal Entries Journal is the book of initial entry, hence the transactions are at first recorded in the journal by the way of journal entries. Journal entries are made as per the double entry system of accounting, where for each transaction one account is debited and another account is creditedRead more

    20 Journal Entries

    Journal is the book of initial entry, hence the transactions are at first recorded in the journal by the way of journal entries.

    Journal entries are made as per the double entry system of accounting, where for each transaction one account is debited and another account is credited.

    In the case of compound journal entries, one set of accounts is debited and one set of accounts is credited.

    The amount of debit and credit always remains the same.

    For example, when cash is introduced into a business, it affects two accounts: Cash A/c and Capital A/c. The accounts are debited and. credited as per the golden rules of accounting.

    The journal entries which I have provided are based on the following transactions and events:

    1. The business started with Rs. 1,00,000 
    2. Bought machinery for Rs. 15,000 and furniture for Rs. 10,000
    3. Purchased goods of Rs. 20,000 with cash 
    4. Bought Stationery for Rs. 500 
    5. Cash deposited into bank Rs. 40,000 
    6. Goods sold to Matt for Rs. 15,000 
    7. Purchased goods from Uday of Rs. 30,000 
    8. Being Rs. 5,000 rent paid for premises 
    9. Cheque received from Matt of Rs. 15,000 
    10. Defective goods returned to Uday returned of Rs. 2,000 
    11. Cash sales of Rs. 25,000 
    12. Carriage Inward paid Rs. 700
    13. Cash withdrawn from bank Rs. 15,000 
    14. Full payment made to Uday in cash. Discount received from Uday Rs. 1000.
    15. Refreshments given to customers of Rs. 200
    16. Goods sold to Shyam for Rs. 7,500 
    17. Goods purchased from Ram of Rs. 50,000 
    18. Salaries paid to employees by bank Rs. 5,000 
    19. Good sold to Suri for Rs. 25,000 
    20. Insurance premium paid of Rs. 1,500 by the bank.

    Journal Entries

    The journal entries based on the above are as follows:

     

    Ledgers

    Ledger is known as the book of final entry. It is the book where the transactions related to a specific account are posted. This posting of transactions is done from journal entries.

    The posting of journal entries into the ledger is performed in the following way:

    The journal entry of cash sales is :

    Cash A/c                                                           Dr.            Amt
          To Sales A/c            Amt

    Here, Cash A/c is debited to Sales A/c. So, in the Cash A/c ledger, posting will be made on the debit side as “To Sales A/c”

    In the Sales A/c ledger, the posting will be made on the credit as “By Cash A/c” because Sales A/c is credited to Cash A/c

    For creating ledgers, journal entries are a prerequisite.

    Now, the ledgers to be created as per the journal entries made above are as follows:

    1. Cash A/c
    2. Bank A/c
    3. Capital A/c
    4. Furniture A/c
    5. Machinery A/c
    6. Purchase a/c
    7. Sales A/c
    8. Matt A/c (Debtor)
    9. Uday A/c (Creditor)
    10. Rent A/c
    11. Purchase Return A/c
    12. Stationery A/c
    13. Carriage Inward A/c
    14. Refreshment A/c
    15. Shyam A/c (Debtor)
    16. Ram A/c (Creditor)
    17. Suri A/c (Debtor)
    18. Refreshment A/c
    19. Discount Received A/c

    The account ledgers are as follows:

    Trial Balance

    A trial balance is a statement that is prepared to check the arithmetical accuracy of books of accounts.

    In this statement, the total of all accounts having debit balance and the total of all accounts having credit balance is computed. If the total of debit and credit matches, then it can be said that the books of accounts are arithmetically accurate.

    Here also we have prepared the trial balance by computing the total of accounts  having debit balances and the total of  accounts having credit balances

    The debit column total and credit column total are matching. Hence, we can say that the books of accounts we have prepared are arithmetically accurate.

    Note: Matt A/c and Uday A/c have not appeared in the trial balance because they do not have any carrying balance.

     

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Current Assets & Examples Current Assets are those assets that are bought by the company for a short duration and are expected to be converted into cash, consumed, or written off within one accounting year. They are also called short-term assets. These short-term assets are typically called currRead more

    Current Assets & Examples

    Current Assets are those assets that are bought by the company for a short duration and are expected to be converted into cash, consumed, or written off within one accounting year. They are also called short-term assets.

    These short-term assets are typically called current assets by the accountants and have no long-term future in the business. Current assets may be held by a company for a duration of a complete accounting year, 12 months, or maybe less. A major reason for the conversion of current assets into cash within a very short amount of time is to pay off the current liabilities.

    Examples

    Some of the major examples of current assets are – cash in hand, cash at the bank, bills receivables, sundry debtors, prepaid expenses, stock or inventory, other liquid assets, etc.

    • All of these assets are converted into cash within one accounting year.
    • Liquid assets are a part of current assets. Although they are easier to be converted into cash than current assets.
    • Current assets (along with current liabilities) help in the calculation of the current ratio. And they’re also referred to as circulating/floating assets.
    • Current assets are shown on the balance sheet (on the asset side) under the heading, current assets.

    Current assets on the balance sheet

    Balance Sheet (for the year…)

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. SidharthBadlani CA Inter Student
    This answer was edited.

    Net credit sales can be defined as the total sales made by a business on credit over a given period of time less the sales returns and allowances and discounts such as trade discounts. Net Credit Sales = Gross Credit Sales – Returns – Discounts – Allowances. Credit sales can be calculated from the ARead more

    Net credit sales can be defined as the total sales made by a business on credit over a given period of time less the sales returns and allowances and discounts such as trade discounts.

    Net Credit Sales = Gross Credit Sales – Returns – Discounts – Allowances.

    Credit sales can be calculated from the Accounts receivable/ Bills Receivable/ Debtors figure in the Balance Sheet. It will be normally shown under the Current Assets head in the Balance Sheet.

    Credit sales = Closing debtors + Receipts – Opening debtors.

    Alternatively, you may observe the bills receivable ledger account to locate the figure of credit sales.

     

    Net Credit Sales and related terms

    Before we try to understand the concept of net credit sales with an example, let us discuss the term sales return. Sales return means the goods returned by the customer to the seller. It may be due to defects or any other reasons.

    Now let us take an example. John is a retail businessman. He sells smartphones. He buys 100 smartphones from Vivo on credit. The smartphones are worth ₹1.5 lahks. He then returns smartphones worth 20,000 rupees to Vivo. He also gets an allowance of rupees 5,000 from Vivo.

    In the above example, the credit sales of Vivo are of rupees 1.5 lakh. The net credit sales is of

    1.5 lakh – 20,000 – 5, 000 = 1.25 lakh rupees.

    Importance of Net Credit Sales

    • Net Credit Sales figure together with the accounts receivable figure acts as an indicator of the credit policy of the company.
    • It offers insights into the ability of the company to meet short-term cash obligations.
    • The credit policy also affects the total current assets that the company has in the manifestation of Accounts Receivable

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Credit Sales.

    Advantages 

    • Increased Sales – The credit Policy facilitates increased sales for the company. The company can attract more customers with a liberal credit policy. For example, Apple got more customers when it started to sell its products on an EMI basis.
    • Customer Loyalty / Retention- Regular customers can be retained and made to feel honored by offering them more liberal credit terms.

    Disadvantages 

    • Delay in Cash Collection – Credit Sales imply that the company would get cash on a delayed basis. This money could have otherwise been put to use for some other profitable venture or could have borne interest for the company
    • Collection Expenses– The company had to incur additional expenditures for collecting money from debtors.
    • Risk of Bad Debts – With credit sales, there is always the risk that the buyer may become bankrupt and may not be able to pay the money due to the seller.
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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition The trial balance is a list of all the closing balances of the general ledger at the end of the year. Or in other words, I can say that it is a statement showing debit and credit balances. A trial balance is prepared on a particular date and not on a particular period. What does trial balRead more

    Definition

    The trial balance is a list of all the closing balances of the general ledger at the end of the year. Or in other words, I can say that it is a statement showing debit and credit balances.

    A trial balance is prepared on a particular date and not on a particular period.

    What does trial balance include?

    As in each double-entry system, each account has two aspects debit and credit.

    Hence the following trial balance includes:
    • Debit or credit of the reporting period.
    • The amount which is to be debited or credited to each account.
    • The account numbers.
    • The dates of the reporting period.
    • The totaled sums of debits and credits entered during that time.

    When we prepare a trial balance from the given list of ledger balances, these need to be included which are as follows :

    The balance of all
    • Assets accounts
    • Expenses accounts
    • Losses
    • Drawings
    • Cash and bank balances
    Are placed in the debit column of the trial balance.

    • The balances of
    • liabilities accounts
    • income accounts
    • profits
    • capital
    Are placed in the credit column of the trial balance.

    Importance

    As the trial balance is prepared at the end of the year so it is important for the preparation of financial statements like balance sheets or profit and loss.

    The purpose of the trial balance is as follows:

    • To verify the arithmetical accuracy of the ledger accounts
    This means trial balance indicates that equal debits and credits have been recorded in the ledger accounts.
    It enables one to establish whether the posting and other accounting processes have been carried out without any arithmetical errors.

    • To help in locating errors
    There can be some errors if the trial balance is untallied therefore to get error-free financial statements trial balance is prepared.

    • To facilitate the preparation of financial statements
    A trial balance helps us to directly prepare the financial statements and then which gives us the right to not look or no need to refer to the ledger accounts.

    Structure of trial balance

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