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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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Impairment
  2. Astha Leader Pursuing CA, BCom (Hons.)
    This answer was edited.

    What is Impairment of Assets? Impairment of assets means a decline in the value of assets due to unforeseen circumstances. Assets are impaired when the carrying value of assets increases its market value or “realizable value”. Impairment can be caused due to factors that are internal or external toRead more

    What is Impairment of Assets?

    Impairment of assets means a decline in the value of assets due to unforeseen circumstances. Assets are impaired when the carrying value of assets increases its market value or “realizable value”.

    Impairment can be caused due to factors that are internal or external to the firm. Internal factors such as physical damage, obsolescence or poor management and external factors such as a change in legal or economic circumstances, increased competition or reduction in asset’s fair value in the market result in impairment.

    Impairment Vs Depreciation

    Asset impairment is often confused with asset depreciation, which is rather a recurring and expected event, unlike impairment that reflects an abrupt decrease in the value of the asset.

    Impairment Loss

    Impairment is always treated as a loss in accounting. It is the amount by which the carrying value or the asset’s book value exceeds its fair market value.

    Before recording Impairment loss, a company must determine the recoverable value of the asset which is higher of the asset’s net realizable value or value in use. Then it is to be compared with the book value of the asset.

    If the carrying value exceeds the recoverable value then the impairment loss is to be recorded at the exceeding value i.e. difference of carrying value and realizable value.

    Example

    Suppose a company Royal Ltd. has an asset with a carrying value of 50,000, which has suffered physical damage. According to the company’s calculation, the asset has a net realizable value of 30,000 and a value in use of 25,000.

    Then, the recoverable value would be higher of the asset’s net realizable value or value in use, i.e., 30,000 which is still lower than the carrying amount of 50,000. Therefore, Royal ltd. will have to record 20,000 (50,000-30,000) as impairment loss.

    This is will increase Royal Ltd’s expenses by 20,000 and decrease the asset’s value by the same amount.

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    Introduction As per SA 530, audit sampling refers to the application of auditing procedures to less than 100% of items within a population relevant under audit such that all the sampling units have an equal chance of selection. In simple words, sampling in auditing refers to the practice deriving aRead more

    Introduction

    As per SA 530, audit sampling refers to the application of auditing procedures to less than 100% of items within a population relevant under audit such that all the sampling units have an equal chance of selection.

    In simple words, sampling in auditing refers to the practice deriving a conclusion by the auditor about a population of data by evaluation of only a part or sample of the whole data. Population means a set of data.

    Concept of sampling

    We know, an audit involves inspection of financial information of an entity by an auditor to form an opinion on its financial statements. Now the financial information of a firm usually contains large volumes of data. For example, a firm may have entered into 50,000 purchase transactions in a year.

    Now, checking each and every purchase transaction will cost both time and money. Also, nowadays, almost every enterprise have internal controls and automated accounting systems that are established to ensure accuracy and prevention of errors. Hence, a  full-fledged inspection of each and every transaction is not worth the time and effort.

    Instead, a wise thing to do is to take a sample from the whole volume of transactions or accounts and apply the auditing procedures to the sample. The results derived from the sample are then projected upon the whole volume of data. Samples are often taken using statistical methods to ensure that sample is taken randomly and represents the whole population of data in a true and unbiased manner.

    Consideration regarding the population before audit sampling:

    1. The population is appropriate for the specific audit objective of the auditor
    2. It is from a reliable source to ensure sample reliability
    3. It is complete in terms of coverage of all relevant items throughout the period.

    Irrespective of the method of sampling, the sample must represent the whole population closely.

    Approaches to sampling

    There are two approaches to sampling:

    1. Statistical Approach: It is a scientific way of ensuring that the sample is chosen randomly from data and represents the data in a true and unbiased way. It employs mathematical and statistical tools like the theory of probability and also considers sampling risk characteristics.
    2. Non-Statistical Approach: Under this approach, the auditor employs his personal experience to collect sample from the population. No mathematical tools are used but the personal judgement of the auditor regarding sampling. Sometimes, this approach may give satisfactory results depending upon the capability of the auditor. But in most cases, reliability is less compared to the statistical approach.
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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    TDS stands for Tax Deducted at Source It is the tax deducted on certain incomes as specified under sections 192 to 194N of the Income Tax Act,1961 by the person who is responsible to pay such income. For example, an employer is liable to deduct the TDS on the salary paid to the employee subject to tRead more

    TDS stands for Tax Deducted at Source

    It is the tax deducted on certain incomes as specified under sections 192 to 194N of the Income Tax Act,1961 by the person who is responsible to pay such income.

    For example, an employer is liable to deduct the TDS on the salary paid to the employee subject to the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961.

    TDS is deducted either,

    • at the time of payment

    OR

    • At time of credit to the account of the payee or at the time of payment; whichever is earlier

    We know that Income tax liability is calculated after the income for a year is earned. In the next year, which is called the Assessment Year, income tax payable is calculated on the income earned in the Previous Year

    For example:

    Year 2021-2022 – This year (Previous Year) – Income is earned here.

    Year 2021-2022 – Next Year (Assessment Year) – Income tax is assessed here.

    But, the government collects the income tax from the income of the assessee in the Previous Year itself by the following ways:

    1. TDS – Tax Deducted at Source
    2. TCS – Tax Collected at Source
    3. Advance Tax

    Some of the most common sections are given below:

    1. Section 192 – Salary
    2. Section 194A – Interest other on securities deposits with the bank, post office etc) –  @10%
    3. Section 194B and 194BB – Winning from lotteries, crossword puzzle – @30%
    4. Section 194 – DA – Payment in respect of Life Insurance Policy – @5%.

    So, according to sections 192 to 194N, some amount of income tax is deducted from the income of the assessee in the Previous Year itself.

    In the Assessment Year, the assessee also gets a tax credit for the TDS i.e. the Income Tax liability gets reduced by the amount of Tax Deducted at Source in the Previous Year.

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A_Team
A_Team
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Deferred Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure Capital Gain Revenue Expenditure

DepreciationFixed Assets
  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    The correct answer is 4. Revenue Expenditure. Depreciation is a non-cash expense and is charged on the fixed asset for its continuous use. Revenue expenditure is a day-to-day expense incurred by a firm in order to carry on its normal business. Depreciation is considered a revenue expense due to theRead more

    The correct answer is 4. Revenue Expenditure.

    Depreciation is a non-cash expense and is charged on the fixed asset for its continuous use. Revenue expenditure is a day-to-day expense incurred by a firm in order to carry on its normal business. Depreciation is considered a revenue expense due to the regular use of the fixed assets.

    Depreciation is the systematic and periodic reduction in the cost of a fixed asset. It is a non-cash expense. Mostly, depreciation is charged according to the straight-line method or written down method as per the policy of the company.

    Depreciation is the systematic and periodic reduction in the cost of a fixed asset. It is a non-cash expense. Mostly, depreciation is charged according to the straight-line method or written down method as per the policy of the company. It is calculated as-

    Depreciation = Cost of the asset – Scrap value / Expected life of the asset.

    For Example, ONGC bought machinery at the beginning of the year for Rs 10,00,000

    It charges depreciation @10% at the end of the year.

    10,00,000 x 10/100 = 1,00,000 will be depreciation for the year and will be shown on the debit side of Profit & Loss A/c.

    As the fixed assets are used in the day-to-day activities of the firm and hence the depreciation charged on it on the daily basis would be revenue in nature. so depreciation is said to be an item of revenue expenditure.

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. Samar Sparsh
    This answer was edited.

    Let us assume that we are discussing Input Tax Credit in GST of India. Input Tax Credit or ITC is the tax that a business pays on a purchase and that it can claim credit and use it to reduce its tax liability when it makes a sale. In other words, it means at the time of paying tax on output (Final sRead more

    Let us assume that we are discussing Input Tax Credit in GST of India.

    Input Tax Credit or ITC is the tax that a business pays on a purchase and that it can claim credit and use it to reduce its tax liability when it makes a sale. In other words, it means at the time of paying tax on output (Final sale product), you can reduce the tax you have already paid on inputs (Purchase).

    Example  For a manufacturer, tax payable on output (Final product) is Rs 500 and tax paid on input A is Rs 100, input B is Rs 50 and, input C is Rs50. You can claim INPUT CREDIT of Rs 200(100+50+50) and you only need to deposit Rs 300(500-200) in taxes.

    Conditions- Only a Registered Person would be able to claim the benefit of Input Tax Credit of GST after satisfying the following:

    1. He is in possession of a Tax Invoice or any other specified tax-paid document.
    2. He has received the goods or services. Includes “Bill to ship” scenarios.
    3. Tax is actually paid by the supplier.
    4. The supplier has furnished the GST Return.
    5. To claim ITC, the buyer should pay the supplier for the supplies received (inclusive of tax) within 180 days from the date of issuing the invoice.

    Claiming of ITC – Discussed by taking an example, seller A sold his goods to B. Now B who is a buyer will be eligible to claim the input tax credit on purchases based on the invoices when he makes further sales. Now,

    •  S will upload the details of all the tax invoices in GSTR 1.
    • All the details in accordance with the sales to B will reflect in GSTR 2A, and the same data will be taken by B to file GSTR 2 (i.e. details of inward supply).
    • B will accept the details about the purchase that has been made and uploaded by the seller, the tax on purchases will be credited to ‘Electronic Credit Ledger’ of B and he can adjust it against future output tax liability and get the refund.
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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    GST stand for Goods and Services Tax which is levied on almost all the good and services supplied in India. Generally, a business is required to charge GST on all the goods and services supplied by it if its turnover is over the limit as prescribed by respective GST laws. We can also do accounting fRead more

    GST stand for Goods and Services Tax which is levied on almost all the good and services supplied in India. Generally, a business is required to charge GST on all the goods and services supplied by it if its turnover is over the limit as prescribed by respective GST laws.

    We can also do accounting for GST in Tally by enabling it from the company features.

    The steps to enable GST and perform GST accounting in Tally are as given below.

    Enabling GST in Tally

    GST can be enabled in Tally from the ‘Company features’ menu which opens just after the creation of a company. There is an option called ‘Enable Goods and Services Tax (GST)’. You have to enter ‘Yes’.

    If the company is already created and the GST was not enabled earlier, then just press F11 and select the company for which you want to enable GST. The ‘company features’ menu will open again, from there you have to enter ‘Yes’ beside the ‘Enable Goods and Services Tax (GST)’ option.

    In both cases, this menu will open:

     

    Do have look at the details I have filled in. You have to:

    • Select the State in which your business is.
    • Registration type is Regular in most cases.
    • Keep the ‘Assessee of another territory’ option at ‘No’, if your business operated from one state only.
    • Enter your 19-digit GST number.
    • Periodicity can be set to ‘Monthly’ or ‘Quarterly’ as per the turnover of the business. ‘Quarterly’ preferred.
    • Keep the E-way bill option at ‘No’ if the E-way bill is not required.
    • Keep the ‘Set/Alter GST rate details’ option at ‘No’ if you want to charge different goods at different GST rates. If GST rates are set up from here, it will be uniform for all goods and services.
    • Keep the rest of the options as shown in the above image.

    These settings are enough if you are to just practice GST in Tally.

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Karan
Karan
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    The term "principal book of accounts'' refers to the set of ledgers that an entity prepares to group the similar transactions recorded as journal entries under an account. So to put it simply, the principal book of accounts mean ledgers. Ledgers are prepared by posting the debits and credits of a joRead more

    The term “principal book of accounts” refers to the set of ledgers that an entity prepares to group the similar transactions recorded as journal entries under an account.

    So to put it simply, the principal book of accounts mean ledgers.

    Ledgers are prepared by posting the debits and credits of a journal entry to the respective accounts.

    A ledger groups the transactions concerning the same account. For example, Mr B is a debtor of X Ltd. Hence all the transactions entered into with Mr. will be grouped into the ledger Mr B A/c in the books of X Ltd.

    Ledgers are of utmost importance because all the information to any account can be known by its ledger.

    Preparation of ledger is very important because all the information to any account can be known by its ledger. Ledgers also display the balance of each and every account which may be debit or credit. This helps in the preparation of the trial balance and subsequently the financial statements of an entity.

    Hence, it is the most important book of accounts and calling it the ‘books of final entry’ is also justified.

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