AccountingQA Latest Questions

Radha
Radha
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    The term ‘contra’ means opposite or against. In financial accounting, we encounter the term ‘contra’ in: Contra accounts Contra entries The meaning of contra in the above mention terms is also the same as their general meaning. Contra accounts mean the account which is opposite of the account it corRead more

    The term ‘contra’ means opposite or against. In financial accounting, we encounter the term ‘contra’ in:

    • Contra accounts
    • Contra entries

    The meaning of contra in the above mention terms is also the same as their general meaning. Contra accounts mean the account which is opposite of the account it corresponds to.

    Contra entries are entries of the debit and credit aspects related to the same parent account.  Let’s discuss them in detail.

    Contra accounts

    Any account which is created with the purpose of reducing or offsetting the balance of another account is known as a contra account.

    A contra account is just the opposite of the account to which it relates. The most common examples are the sales discount account and sales return account which is the contra account of the sales account.  They are just the opposite of the sales accounts.

    Contra Entries

    Contra entries refer to the entries which show the movement of the amount within the same parent account. Here, the debit and credit entry is posted on the debit and credit side respectively of a single parent account.  Mainly, contra entries are the entries involving cash and bank accounts.

    The following transactions are recorded as contra entries:

    • Cash to Bank transactions: Deposit of cash into the bank account by the entity.
    • Bank to Cash transactions: Withdrawal of cash from the bank.
    • Cash to cash transactions: Transfer of cash to the petty cash account.
    • Bank to Bank transactions: Transfer of amounts from one bank account to other bank accounts of the same entity.

    Contra entries are marked by the letter ‘C’ beside the postings in the ledger. Deposit of cash in to bank will be posted in cashbook as below:

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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    The journal entry for the dividend collected by the bank is as follows: Bank A/c                                                                Dr. Amt To Dividend Received A/c Amt Here, Bank Account is debited and the Dividend Received Account is credited. This treatment is explained below. The logRead more

    The journal entry for the dividend collected by the bank is as follows:

    Bank A/c                                                                Dr. Amt
    To Dividend Received A/c Amt

    Here, Bank Account is debited and the Dividend Received Account is credited. This treatment is explained below.

    The logic behind the journal entry

    This can be explained through the following rules of accounting:

    • Golden rules of accounting
    • Modern rules of accounting

    Golden rules of accounting

    A bank account is a real account and the golden rule of accounting for the real account is, “Debit what comes in and credit what goes out”

    Hence, the bank account is debited as the money is coming into the bank.

    Dividend is an income hence dividend received is a nominal account. The golden rule of accounting for a nominal account is “Debit all expenses and losses and credit all income and gains”

    Hence, the dividend received account is credited as income.

    Modern rules of accounting

    As per modern rules of accounting, a bank account is an asset account.

    The asset account is debited when increased and credited when decreased.

    Hence, the Bank account is debited here as it is increased.

    A dividend received account is an income account.

    The income account is credited when increase and debited when decreased.

    Hence, the dividend received account is credited here as it is increased.

    Treatment in the financial statements

    Since the dividend received is an income; it is shown on the credit side of the Statement of profit and loss.

    The bank account is an asset so it will be shown on the balance sheet.

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Ledger is the book where the transaction related to a particular account is recorded. For example, the Sales ledger will only record the transactions related to sales. Ledgers in Tally also serve the same purpose. Posting in the ledger is automatically done when the transactions are entered in the vRead more

    Ledger is the book where the transaction related to a particular account is recorded. For example, the Sales ledger will only record the transactions related to sales.

    Ledgers in Tally also serve the same purpose. Posting in the ledger is automatically done when the transactions are entered in the vouchers.

    Now, if you want to delete a ledger, you can easily do by following some simple steps.

    I have shared the steps of deleting a ledger in Tally Prime and Tally ERP 9 both.

     

    Deleting a ledger in Tally Prime 

    To delete a ledger in Tally Prime, the steps are as follows:

    Gateway of Tally → Alter → Ledger → Click on the ledger you want to delete.

    Upon clicking the ledger, the ledger alteration menu will open.

    At the bottom, there is a ‘Delete’ option. Either click on it or simply press Alt + D and click on ‘Yes’. Your ledger will be deleted.

     

    Deleting a ledger in Tally ERP 9 

    To delete a ledger in Tally ERP 9, the steps are as follows:

    Gateway of Tally → Accounts Info → Ledger → Alter → Select the ledger you want to delete.

    Steps are almost similar in both versions of Tally. Little difference is there due to the different interfaces of the two versions.

    Just like Tally Prime, you can click on the ‘Delete’ option at the bottom or press Alt + D to delete the ledger.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    What is net credit sales? Net credit sales are those revenues by a business entity, less all sales returns and allowances. Immediate payment in cash is not included in net credit sales. Formula  The formula for net credit sales is as follows: Net credit sales  = Sales on credit - Sales returns - SalRead more

    What is net credit sales?

    Net credit sales are those revenues by a business entity, less all sales returns and allowances. Immediate payment in cash is not included in net credit sales.

    Formula

     The formula for net credit sales is as follows:

    Net credit sales  = Sales on credit – Sales returns – Sales allowances

    In the balance sheet, you can find credit sales in the “short-term assets “section. It can be calculated from account receivables, bills receivables, and debtors of the balance sheet.

    Credit sales = closing debtors + receipts – opening debtors

    Steps to calculate net credit sales

    • Calculate total sales for the period
    • Subtract the Sales Returns
    • Subtract the Sales Allowances
    • Subtract the Cash Sales ( if any )

     

    Terms relevant to understand before calculation

    Sales return:  A sales return is when a customer or client returns or sends a product back to the seller. And this can happen due to various reasons, including:

    • Excess quantity ordered
    • Not upto Customer expectations
    • Shipping delays ( product arrived late )
    • Accidentally ordered an item and there can be more such reasons.

    Sales allowance: A sales allowance is a discount that a seller offers a buyer as an alternative to the buyer for returning the product.

    Because of a problem or issue with the buyer’s order or we can say that he is not satisfied with the product.

    Cash sales: Cash sales are sales in which the payment is done at once or I can say that buyer has obligation to make payment to the seller.

    Cash sales are considered to include bills, checks, credit cards, and money orders as forms of payment.

    Example

    Now after understanding the terms used in the formula let me explain to you with an example which is as follows:-

      • First, we will calculate the Total Sales for the Period:- In the month of May, Flipkart company had cash sales of Rs 80,000. The total amount in Accounts Receivables is Rs 150,000, with Rs 30,000 as the carryover from April’s receivables.
      • Since you only want to know about credit sales in the current period (September), you subtract Rs 30,000 from the total. This means that for the month of September, Flipcart Company had sales totaling Rs 200,000 (80,000 + 120,000).

     

      • Second, we will subtract the Sales Returns:- During the month of September, Flipcart Company issued Rs 20,000 in refunds, because several items were damaged during shipment, so the customer could not use them.
      • This amount would reduce the total number of cash sales if the accounts receivable balance was from a credit customer. This reduces the total sales to Rs 180,000 (Rs 200,000 in total sales – Rs 20,000 in returns).

     

      • Thirdly we will subtract the Sales Allowances:- Sales allowances are discounts offered to customers for not asking for full refunds.
      • For example, an item that had been shipped to a customer was the wrong size, but the customer told that he will agree to keep the item if the price could be adjusted. Flipcart Company issued Rs 10,000 in allowances in May.
      • After this deduction, the total sales for May are Rs 170,000 (Rs 180,000 – Rs 10,000).

     

      • Then at last there are any cash sales then subtract:- After figuring out the total number of sales for September and then subtracting the sales returns and allowances, the cash sales are deducted since you are focusing on net credit sales for the period.
      • After deducting the Rs 60,000 in cash sales, Flipcart Company has Rs 110,000 as net credit sales.

     

    Why do we need net credit sales?

    • Net Credit sales help to calculate the accounts receivable turnover ratio.

     

    • Net credit sales also indicate the amount of credit you offer to your customer.

     

    •  Net credit sale is also used to calculate other financial analysis items like days sales outstanding.
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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition The trial balance is a list of all the closing balances of the general ledger at the end of the year. Or in other words, I can say that it is a statement showing debit and credit balances. A trial balance is prepared on a particular date and not in a specific period. Types of error in theRead more

    Definition

    The trial balance is a list of all the closing balances of the general ledger at the end of the year. Or in other words, I can say that it is a statement showing debit and credit balances.

    A trial balance is prepared on a particular date and not in a specific period.

    Types of error in the trial balance

    Now let me explain to you that what are the errors of trail balance which are as follows :
    • Error of principle
    • Compensating error
    • Transactions completely omitted
    • Error of recording
    • Error of posting
    A trial balance is not conclusive proof of the accuracy of the books of accounts since certain types of errors remain even when it tallies. They are explained below :

    Error of principle

    This error arises due to the incorrect application of the principle of accounting is not disclosed by the trial balance.

    Compensating error

    It means the group of errors committed in such a way that one mistake is compensated by another and the trial balance still agrees.

    Transaction completely omitted

    When the transaction is entirely omitted from recording in the books of account cannot be detected.

    Error of recording

    When both aspects of recording a transaction twice in the books of account take place.

    Error of posting

    Posting the correct amount on the correct side but in the wrong account is not reflected in the trial balance.

    Steps to locate errors

    Differences in the trial balance, howsoever minor they may be, must be located and rectified. The following steps are useful in locating errors are :
    • Two columns of the trial balance should be totaled again.

    • The list of sundry debtors and creditors should be checked to find out whether all balances of debtors and creditors have been correctly written in the trial balance or not.

    • It should be checked that the balances of every account including cash and bank balances ( from the cash book ) have been written in the correct column of the trial balance.

    • If the errors remain undetected, try to locate the errors by trial and error techniques such as finding an account showing a balance difference from the trial balance.

    • Ledger balances should be balanced again.

    • Check the totals of subsidiary books.

    • Check the posting of nominal accounts.

    • And at last if not possible to locate the difference in the trial balance is temporarily transferred to a suspense account.

    Importance

    As the trial balance is prepared at the end of the year so it is important for the preparation of financial statements like balance sheets or profit and loss.

    Purpose of trial balance

    • To verify the arithmetical accuracy of the ledger accounts
    This means trial balance indicates that equal debits and credits have been recorded in the ledger accounts.
    It enables one to establish whether the posting and other accounting processes have been carried out without any arithmetical errors.

    • To help in locating errors
    There can be some errors if the trial balance is untallied therefore to get error-free financial statements trial balance is prepared.

    • To facilitate the preparation of financial statements
    A trial balance helps us to directly prepare the financial statements and then which gives us the right to not look or no need to refer to the ledger accounts.

    Rules of trial balance

    When we prepare a trial balance from the given list of ledger balances, the following rules to be kept in mind that are as follows :

    • The balance of all
    • Assets accounts
    • Expenses accounts
    • Losses
    • Drawings
    • Cash and bank balances
    Are placed in the debit column of the trial balance.

    • The balances of
    • liabilities accounts
    • income accounts
    • profits
    • capital
    Are placed in the credit column of the trial balance.

     

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Aditi
Aditi
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  2. Mehak

    The terms outstanding expenses and accrued expenses are two accounting terms which are often used interchangeably. However, these two terms are not the same and have different meanings. The difference between these two terms is given below: What are Outstanding expenses? As the name suggests, outstaRead more

    The terms outstanding expenses and accrued expenses are two accounting terms which are often used interchangeably. However, these two terms are not the same and have different meanings. The difference between these two terms is given below:

    What are Outstanding expenses?

    As the name suggests, outstanding expenses are the expenses that are due but have not been paid yet. It means that the business is supposed to pay the amount due but it has not paid the same at the end of the accounting period.

    Outstanding expenses are recognized as a current liability because the business is liable to pay such expenses. These expenses are recorded in the books of accounts but the payment is still pending.

    Some examples of outstanding expenses are:

    1. The electricity bill is due for the month of January but has not yet been paid on 31st January.
    2. Salaries of employees of 50,000 is due for the month of March but have not been paid yet by the business.

    What are Accrued expenses? 

    Accrued expenses are the expenses that a business has incurred during the accounting period but they have not yet been recorded in the books of accounts because the bill has not yet been received or the payment is not due yet.

    The concept of Accrued expenses helps in complying with the accrual basis of accounting which says that the expense shall be recognised at the time it occurs regardless of the fact that payment is received or not.

    Examples of accrued expenses are:

    1. The electricity bill for December is received in the month of January. However, it shall be recognised as an expense in the month of December.
    2. The salaries of the employees for the month of April are paid in May. However, this expense shall be recognized in April.

     

    Key differences between outstanding expenses and accrued expenses

    To summarise the above discussion, the key differences between outstanding expenses and accrued expenses are given in the table below:

     

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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CapexCapital ExpenditureOperating ExpenditureOpex
  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    Let me first explain the meaning of both the terms CapEx and OpEx Capital expenditure (in short CapEx) is basically incurred for Fixed assets like building, furniture, machinery, etc., or an intangible asset like Goodwill, patent, etc. This expenses are incurred in order to acquire a new asset or imRead more

    Let me first explain the meaning of both the terms CapEx and OpEx

    Capital expenditure (in short CapEx) is basically incurred for Fixed assets like building, furniture, machinery, etc., or an intangible asset like Goodwill, patent, etc. This expenses are incurred in order to acquire a new asset or improve an existing one or maintain the asset in use.

    Capital expenditure is commonly found in the Cash flow statement under Investing activities as Investment in plant, machinery, equipment, etc.

    Operating Expenditure (in short OpEx) are day-to-day expenses incurred by a firm in order to carry its normal business.

    Expenses such as rent, advertisement, inventory costs, etc.

    Operating Expenses are shown in the income statement of the company as expenses incurred during the period.

    For Example: If a company purchases a printer, the printer would be a capital expenditure and the papers used for the printer would be operating expenditure.

    Difference between CapEx and OpEx

    Example 1: A company wants to lease machinery instead of buying it, in this case buying machinery would be capital expenditure, and leasing the machinery would be an Operating expense.

    Example 2: Buying machinery would cost a company for 50000 and leasing the same would cost 35000. So in this case leasing will be more preferred by a company which means operating expenditure would be preferred instead of a capital expenditure.

    From the point of view of tax treatment operating expenditure is more preferred over Capital expenditure because the expenses incurred during the year are deducted during the same year which reduces the tax levied on net income.

    Some real Examples from the Company Amazon

    This is the cash flow statement of Amazon, where the investing activities shows the capital expenditure incurred by the company during the years.

    This is the income statement of Amazon, it shows the operating expenditure incurred by the company during the year.

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