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Deferred Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure Capital Gain Revenue Expenditure

DepreciationFixed Assets
  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    The correct answer is 4. Revenue Expenditure. Depreciation is a non-cash expense and is charged on the fixed asset for its continuous use. Revenue expenditure is a day-to-day expense incurred by a firm in order to carry on its normal business. Depreciation is considered a revenue expense due to theRead more

    The correct answer is 4. Revenue Expenditure.

    Depreciation is a non-cash expense and is charged on the fixed asset for its continuous use. Revenue expenditure is a day-to-day expense incurred by a firm in order to carry on its normal business. Depreciation is considered a revenue expense due to the regular use of the fixed assets.

    Depreciation is the systematic and periodic reduction in the cost of a fixed asset. It is a non-cash expense. Mostly, depreciation is charged according to the straight-line method or written down method as per the policy of the company.

    Depreciation is the systematic and periodic reduction in the cost of a fixed asset. It is a non-cash expense. Mostly, depreciation is charged according to the straight-line method or written down method as per the policy of the company. It is calculated as-

    Depreciation = Cost of the asset – Scrap value / Expected life of the asset.

    For Example, ONGC bought machinery at the beginning of the year for Rs 10,00,000

    It charges depreciation @10% at the end of the year.

    10,00,000 x 10/100 = 1,00,000 will be depreciation for the year and will be shown on the debit side of Profit & Loss A/c.

    As the fixed assets are used in the day-to-day activities of the firm and hence the depreciation charged on it on the daily basis would be revenue in nature. so depreciation is said to be an item of revenue expenditure.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Radha M.Com, NET
    This answer was edited.

    The journal entry for the closing stock is passed at the year-end as closing stock is the inventory held by a business at the end of its accounting period. However, the entry for recording closing stock depends on how it is treated in the books of accounts. The two types of the accounting treatmentRead more

    The journal entry for the closing stock is passed at the year-end as closing stock is the inventory held by a business at the end of its accounting period. However, the entry for recording closing stock depends on how it is treated in the books of accounts.

    The two types of the accounting treatment of closing stock are as follows:

    • Closing stock is not shown in the Trial Balance.
    • Closing stock is shown in the Trial Balance.

     

    Closing stock is not shown in the Trial Balance:

    As per this treatment, the closing stock is not shown in the Trial Balance because it is already a part of the purchases of the business. Showing it in the Trial Balance would lead to a double effect. This will not give us accurate profit/loss at the end of the year.

    The closing stock is transferred to Trading A/c by passing a closing entry.

    Closing stock is an asset. It is debited because there is an increase in the assets. Trading A/c is credited because of the Matching concept as the value of the closing stock is adjusted against the cost of goods sold.

    At the end of the year, it is shown on the Asset side of the Balance Sheet, under the head Current Assets and sub-head Inventory.

    For example,

    ABC Ltd. at the beginning of the year had an opening inventory of 20,000. During the year, purchases worth 5,000 were made and goods worth 10,000 were sold. At the end of the year, the value of the closing stock will be 15,000 (20,000 + 5,000 – 10,000).

    Now the closing stock worth 15,000 will be recorded through this journal entry:

    Closing Stock A/c  15,000
       To Trading A/c  15,000
    (Being closing stock worth 15,000 transferred to Trading A/c)

    Closing stock is shown in the Trial Balance:

    This scenario is possible only when the closing stock is adjusted against purchases. By adjusting against purchases, the double effect of showing both purchases and closing stock in Trial Balance is eliminated.

    The following entry is recorded to adjust closing stock against purchases.

    Closing Stock is debited as there is an increase in the asset. Purchase A/c is credited because of the Matching concept.

    After recording the adjustment entry, the closing stock is shown on the debit column of the Trial Balance. It is not shown in the Trading A/c as it is already adjusted against purchases. In the Balance Sheet, it is shown as a Current Asset.

     

     

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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    As per AS-10 ( Revised ): Property, Plant and Equipment, depreciation on an asset should begin when the asset is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner as intended by the management. This means a firm should start charging depreciation when the assetRead more

    As per AS-10 ( Revised ): Property, Plant and Equipment, depreciation on an asset should begin when the asset is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner as intended by the management.

    This means a firm should start charging depreciation when the asset is ready to be used as per the management’s desire.

    Let’s take an example to understand this clearly:

    A business bought a drinking water cooler for its office use on 1st April 2021. Now, this water cooler needs to be installed and wiped with Isopropyl Alcohol before it can be put to use.

    The business completed all the required procedures by 1st May 2021, but it opened the machine for office use from 1st August 2021.

    So the question arises, from when to start charging depreciation?

    • 1st April 2021 – The date of Purchase
    • 1st May 2021- The date when the machine was ready to use.
    • 1st August 2021 –The date from which the machine was put to use.

    The answer is 1st May 2021– The date when the machine was ready to use.

    It doesn’t matter whether the company started the use of an asset or not. Once an asset is in

    • the location and condition
    • necessary for it to be capable of operating
    • as intended by the management,

    the depreciation should begin.

     

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Karan
Karan
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Let’s understand what a cashbook is: A petty cash book is a cash book maintained to record petty expenses. By petty expenses, we mean small or minute expenses for which the payment is made in coins or a few notes like tea or coffee expense, bus or taxi fare, stationery expense etc. Such expenses areRead more

    Let’s understand what a cashbook is:

    • A petty cash book is a cash book maintained to record petty expenses.
    • By petty expenses, we mean small or minute expenses for which the payment is made in coins or a few notes like tea or coffee expense, bus or taxi fare, stationery expense etc.
    • Such expenses are numerous in a day for a business and to account for such small expenses along with major bank and cash transactions may create an extra hassle for the chief cashier of a business.
    • So, the cash is allocated for petty expenses and a petty cashier is appointed and the task of recording the petty expenses in the petty cashbook is delegated to him.

    The manner in which entries are made

    When cash is given to the petty cashier, entry is made on the debit side and in the petty cashbook and credit entry in the general cashbook.

    Entries for all the expenses are made on the credit side.

    Generally, the petty cashbook is prepared as per the Imprest system. As per the Imprest system, the petty expenses for a period (month or week) are estimated and a fixed amount is given to the petty cashier to spend for that period.

    At the end of the period, the petty cashier sends the details to the chief cashier and he is reimbursed the amount spent. In this way, the debit balance of the petty cashbook always remains the same.

    Format and items which appear in the petty cashbook

    The format of the petty cashbook depends upon the type of petty cash book is prepared and the items appearing in it are nothing but petty expenses. Let’s see an example:-

    A business incurred the following petty expenses for the month of April:-

    1. Stamp – Rs. 10
    2. Postage – Rs. 50
    3. Cartage- Rs. 100
    4. Telephone expense – Rs. 500
    5. Refreshments – Rs. 250

    Now we will prepare two types of cashbooks:

    • Ordinary Petty Cashbook:

    Here, the Petty cash book is of the same format as the general cash book.

    The cash allocated for petty expenses is recorded on the debit side of the petty cash book and on the credit side of the general cash book.

    • Analytical Petty Cashbook

    Here, there are separate amount columns for each type of expense. As the name suggests, this type of petty cashbook helps to analyse the petty cash spending on basis of the type of expense.

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. Pooja_Parikh Aspiring Chartered Accountant
    This answer was edited.

    Under Activity-Based Costing, overheads are accurately assigned to different activities and their costs are determined through costing methods. Activities are those events that incur costs whereas overheads are expenditures that cannot be traced to any particular cost unit. A Cost driver refers to tRead more

    Under Activity-Based Costing, overheads are accurately assigned to different activities and their costs are determined through costing methods. Activities are those events that incur costs whereas overheads are expenditures that cannot be traced to any particular cost unit.

    A Cost driver refers to the factor that causes a change in the cost of an activity. Activity-Based Costing is done to establish a link between the activities and the product. The cost drivers are those links between the activities and the product.

    Cost drivers are divided into four categories:

    • Resource Cost Driver – It is a measure of the number of resources used by an activity. It assigns the cost of a resource to an activity.
    • Activity Cost Driver – It is a measure of the frequency and intensity of demand, placed on activities by cost objects. It assigns activity costs to cost objects.
    • Structural Cost Driver – It results from the economic and technological structure of the industry.
    • Executional Cost Driver – It reflects the firm’s ability to plan and operate its production operations effectively.

    A Cost Centre refers to a department in a business where costs can be allocated. These departments run various processes and incur costs. They can be related to the production of goods or the provision of services. Different centres are allocated different budgets and hence it enables the business to run efficiently by tracking its incomes and expenses easily.

    Proper management of cost centres can help the company cut additional costs from each department. It also helps in more accurate forecasts depending on future changes.

    Cost centres and Cost Drivers are both important factors while following Activity-Based Costing. Some examples of cost drivers and cost centres are as follows :

     

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    The receipt of cash is recorded by debiting the cash account to the account from which the cash is received. This source account may be the sales account, account receivable account or any other account from which cash is received. The journal entry is: An entity may receive cash in the following evRead more

    The receipt of cash is recorded by debiting the cash account to the account from which the cash is received. This source account may be the sales account, account receivable account or any other account from which cash is received.

    The journal entry is:

    An entity may receive cash in the following events:

    • Sales of goods or provision of services
    • Payment from account receivables
    • Sale of assets.
    • Withdrawal of cash from the bank
    • Introduction of additional capital in the business
    • Subscription or donation received in case of non-profit oriented concerns.
    • Other income in cash

    This list is not exhaustive. There may be many such events. However, the cash account will be always debited.

    Rules of accounting applicable on the cash account

    As per the golden rules of accounting, the cash account is a real account as represents an asset. For real accounts, the rule, “Debit the receiver and credit the giver” applies.

    Hence, when cash is received, cash is debited and the source (giver) is credited.

    As per modern rules of accounting, the cash account is an asset account. Assets accounts are debited when increased and credited when decreased.

    Hence, at receipt of cash, cash is debited as cash is increased.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. AishwaryaMunot

    Before we jump in the concept of valuation of Goodwill, let us first understand the meaning of term “Goodwill”. Goodwill is an Intangible asset of the business. As the definition of Intangible asset, Goodwill cannot be seen or felt. In simple words it is business’s worth or its reputation earned oveRead more

    Before we jump in the concept of valuation of Goodwill, let us first understand the meaning of term “Goodwill”.

    Goodwill is an Intangible asset of the business. As the definition of Intangible asset, Goodwill cannot be seen or felt. In simple words it is business’s worth or its reputation earned over a period of time.

    Calculation of value of the goodwill in monetary terms is done at the time of merger or acquisition of the business. Goodwill is often applied to businesses which are earning large number of profits, have crucial corporate links and large customer/client base.

    Self-earned goodwill is never shown in monetary terms in business’s own balance sheet while goodwill which is purchased is shown in the asset side of the balance sheet of the buyer business.

    Following are the methods under which goodwill can be valued:

    1. Average Profit Method – In this method, Goodwill is calculated by average profits multiplied by the number of years purchased. Typically, last 5-6 years profit figures are taken ignoring any abnormal gains or loss during the year. Formula for the same would be as follows:

               Goodwill = Average Profit x No. of Years Purchase

    1. Weighted Average Method – This method is updated method of average profit method, Profits of the previous years are calculated by specific number of weights. This method is useful when there is a lot of fluctuations in the profits and importance has to be given to current year’s profit. Formula for the same would be as follows:

              Goodwill = Weighted Average Profit x No. of Years Purchase

    Where,

    Weighted Average Profit = Sum of Profits multiplied by weights / Sum of Weights

    1. Super Profit Method – Super profit is additional profit generated by the business over normal profit. Further for the calculation, Super profit is capitalized by the normal rate of return and resulting figure is value of Goodwill.

    Formula for the same would be as follows:

             Goodwill = Super Profits x (100/Normal Rate of Return)

    1. Annuity Method – In this method, Discounted amount of the super profits is calculated by taking into consideration the current value of the annuity at rate of return.

    Formula for the same would be as follows:

             Goodwill = Super Profit x Discounting Factor

    1. Capitalization Method – In this method, existing capital employed is deducted from capitalized number of average profits or super profits. The resulting figure is Goodwill.

    Formula for the same would be as follows:

               a. Average Profit Capitalization Method –

                 Goodwill = [Average Profit / Normal Rate of Return x 100] – Capital                                                        Employed

               b. Super Profit Capitalization Method –

                Goodwill = Super Profits x (100/ Normal Rate of Return)

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