AccountingQA Latest Questions

Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Ledger posting The process of entering all transactions from journal to ledger is called ledger posting. Each ledger account contains an individual asset, person, revenue, or expense. As we're aware the journal records all the transactions of the business. Posting to the ledger account not only helpRead more

    Ledger posting

    The process of entering all transactions from journal to ledger is called ledger posting. Each ledger account contains an individual asset, person, revenue, or expense. As we’re aware the journal records all the transactions of the business.

    Posting to the ledger account not only helps the proper maintenance of the ledger book but also helps in reflecting a permanent summary of all the journal accounts. In the end, all the accounts that are entered and operated in the ledger are closed, totaled, and balanced.

    Balancing the ledger means finding the difference between the debit and credit amounts of a particular account, it’s done on the day of closing of the accounting year. Sometimes journal entries are made and maintained monthly. Therefore, the balancing of the ledger’s date depends on the business’ closing date and the way a business maintains its books of accounts.

    Example

    Mr. Jack Sparrow decided to start a new clothing business. On 1st April 2021, He started the business with a total sum of $100,000 cash. He purchased furniture, including desks and shelves for $25,000. Mr. Sparrow then decided to start with women’s clothing and purchased a complete range of clothes from the wholesale market for $50,000. On the next day, he sold all the stock for $75,000. He also hired a worker for $5,000.

    We need to journalize these transactions and post them into the ledger account.

     

    Journal Entries

     

    Ledger Accounts

    Cash A/c

     

    Capital A/c

     

    Purchases A/c

     

    Sales A/c

     

    Salary A/c

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Simerpreet
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  2. Mitika

    Straight Line Depreciation Journal Entry Straight-line depreciation refers to the diminishing value of assets over the life of the asset. In other words, the cost of the asset spreads evenly over the useful life of the assets. The salvage value or Residual value of an asset means the estimated valueRead more

    Straight Line Depreciation Journal Entry

    Straight-line depreciation refers to the diminishing value of assets over the life of the asset. In other words, the cost of the asset spreads evenly over the useful life of the assets.

    The salvage value or Residual value of an asset means the estimated value of the asset at the end of its useful life.

    The depreciation can also be charged with another method like Written Down Value (WDV) Method.

     

    Formula

    Depreciation per annum = ( Cost of asset – Salvage Value) / Useful Life

     

    The journal entry for the depreciation is:

    JOURNAL ENTRIES

    		  
    Depreciation on Asset A/C                               DR.
                                To Asset A/C
    (Being depreciation charged on asset)

     

    Now let us understand this with an example, suppose XYZ Ltd. has an asset of value 90,000 with a useful life of 3 years. The company uses the straight-line method of depreciation to depreciate the asset in its book.

     

    So, the depreciation per annum would be calculated as:-

    = 90,000/3

    = 30,000

     

    In Year 1, the depreciation will be charged as 30,000 for this year. It will be debited to the  depreciation account and credited to the asset account. Thus, the value of the asset at the end of year 1 will be 60,000 (90,000-30,000).

    JOURNAL ENTRIES

    		  
      DR CR
    Depreciation on Asset A/C                                                   30,000
              To Asset A/C                                                                                                              30,000
    (being depreciation charged on asset)

     

    In Year 2, the depreciation will be charged as  30,000. The entry would be the same as the previous year. The value of the asset at the end of year 2 will be 30,000 (60,000-30,000).

    JOURNAL ENTRIES  
      DR CR
    Depreciation on Asset A/C                                                   30,000
              To Asset A/C                                                                                                                  30,000
    (being depreciation charged on asset)

     

    At last in Year 3, the depreciation will be charged 30,000. The entry would be the same. The value of the asset at the end of year 3 will be Nil (30,000- 30,000).

    JOURNAL ENTRIES

    		  
      DR

    CR
    Depreciation on Asset A/C                                                30,000
              To Asset A/C                                                                                                            30,000
    (being depreciation charged on asset)

     

    The depreciation will be charged to the profit and loss account for the year as it is an expense for the company.

     

    The entries will be posted into depreciation account as mentioned:

    DEPRECIATION A/C  
    Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount
    Year 1 To Asset A/C 30,000   By Profit and Loss A/C 30,000
        30,000     30,000
               
    Year 2 To Asset A/C 30,000   By Profit and Loss A/C 30,000
        30,000     30,000
               
    Year 3 To Asset A/C 30,000   By Profit and Loss A/C 30,000
        30,000     30,000
               

     

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Ishika Pandey
Ishika PandeyCurious
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  2. SidharthBadlani CA Inter Student
    This answer was edited.

    Yes, the account receivable is a sub ledger account. It is an account that is used to record the payment history of each and every customer to whom the business has sold goods or provided services on credit. Accounts receivable represent the amount that the customers owe to the business with respectRead more

    Yes, the account receivable is a sub ledger account. It is an account that is used to record the payment history of each and every customer to whom the business has sold goods or provided services on credit.

    Accounts receivable represent the amount that the customers owe to the business with respect to the goods sold or services provided to them on credit. They are also known as trade receivable or debtors.

    The accounts receivable subledger shows various details of every transaction like the invoice number, amount due, date of payment, discount allowed etc. The subledger accounts are also known as the subsidiary accounts.

     

    Difference between general ledger and subledger accounts

    Here is a list of the major differences between sub-ledgers and the general ledger:

    • The subsidiary accounts or the sub ledger are a subset of the general ledger. In other words we can say that subsidiary accounts are a part of the general ledger.
    • The trial balance is prepared with the help of the general ledger and not with the help of subsidiary accounts.
    • The trial balance is prepared with the help of the general ledger and not with the help of subsidiary accounts.
    • The subledger accounts help us to store large volumes of data. They provide us with detailed and comprehensive analysis of each item of financial statements. On the other hand, a general ledger provides us with superficial information about every item in one place.

    Importance/ use of Subsidiary Account

    The usefulness of an accounts receivable sub ledger account lies in the fact that it provides detailed information about the money different customers owe to the business.

    For example, the general ledger account may show that the total balance of trade receivable is 1 lakh without indicating the individual amount that each customer owes to the business. The subsidiary account can help us by showing that customer A owes 50000 rupees, customer B owes 30000 rupees while customer C owes 20000 rupees.

    In short, the subsidiary accounts provide detailed information about each and every transaction. They help us to find useful information quickly and easily. They help us analyze the business policies and take corrective actions.

    Thus, we can conclude that accounts receivable is a subledger account that provides us detailed information about the various credit transactions and the amount that each customer owes to the business. It helps us analyze our credit policies and take corrective actions. It helps us identify and classify bad debts as such on

     

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Kajal
    This answer was edited.

    The Realisation account is prepared at the time of dissolution of the Partnership firm to ascertain profit or loss from the sale of assets and payment of liabilities of the firm. All assets that can be converted into cash (i.e. from which any value can be realised) and all external liabilities thatRead more

    The Realisation account is prepared at the time of dissolution of the Partnership firm to ascertain profit or loss from the sale of assets and payment of liabilities of the firm. All assets that can be converted into cash (i.e. from which any value can be realised) and all external liabilities that are to be paid are recorded in the Realisation A/c.

     

    DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM

    It means the firm closes down its business and comes to an end. Simply, it means the firm will cease to exist in the future. As the firm is closing down, it will sell all its assets to realise all the value blocked in the assets, it is liable to pay off all of its liabilities whether due now or on some future date, and the remaining amount (if any) is distributed among the partners.

     

    REALISATION ACCOUNT

    This account is prepared only once, at the time of dissolution of the Partnership firm. It is opened to dispose of all the assets of the firm and make payments to all the external creditors of the firm.

    It ascertains the profit earned or loss incurred on the realisation of assets and payment of liabilities.

    The Realisation account is a NOMINAL ACCOUNT (Debit all expenses and losses, Credit all incomes and gains)

     

    ITEMS RECORDED IN THE REALISATION ACCOUNT

    DEBIT SIDE OF REALISATION ACCOUNT

    1. TRANSFER OF ASSETS

    Assets are any property or the possession of the business enterprise that allows it to get cash or any other benefit in the future.

    Since all assets are sold at the time of the dissolution, all assets that can be converted into cash are transferred to the  Debit side of the Realisation A/c at their book values.

    Such as Plant & Machinery, Building, Debtors, etc.

    EXCEPTIONS

    • Cash and Bank balances (as already in the most liquid form)
    • Fictitious assets ( Don’t have any realisable value)

     

    NOTE – If there is any provision against any asset, such as ‘Provisions for Bad debts’ or ‘Provision for Depreciation, then such assets are transferred to the Debit side of the Realisation A/c at its gross value and the Provision is transferred to the Credit side of the Realisation A/c.

    For example – Suppose there are Debtors of $50,000 and the Provision for Doubtful Debts is $2,000.

    Then, Debtors will be recorded on the Debit side with a value of $50,000 and the Provision for Doubtful Debt on the Credit side with the amount of $2,000.

     

    2. PAYMENT OF LIABILITIES

    All liabilities are either paid in cash or the Partner agrees to pay for some liabilities. Since they are expenses, they are recorded on the debit side of the Realisation A/c as “Debit all expenses and Losses”

     

    3. PROFIT ON REALISATION

    There is profit when Cr. side > Dr. side, as it means incomes are more than the payments made. This profit is distributed among the partners.

     

    CREDIT SIDE OF THE REALISATION ACCOUNT

     

    1. TRANSFER OF LIABILITIES

    Liabilities refer to the amount owed by the firm to outsiders. All liabilities must be paid off before accounts are closed. So, all external liabilities are transferred to the Credit side of the Realisation account, to make their payment.

    Such as creditors, bills payable, loans, outstanding expenses, partner’s wife’s loan, etc.

    EXCEPTION (not included)

    • Partner’s loan (internal liability and a separate account is created for it)
    • Undistributed Profits (like General reserve, Credit balance of P&L A/c, etc. because they belong to partners and are distributed among them. Also, they can’t be sold)

     

    2. SALE OF ASSETS

    Assets can be sold for cash or taken by the Partner. The amount received from the sale of assets is recorded on the credit side of the Realisation account as “Credit all incomes and gains”.

    Also, if any asset is given to the creditors in part or full payment of his dues, then the agreed amount is deducted from the creditor’s claim and no other entry is passed.

     

    3. LOSS ON REALISATION:

    There is a loss, if the Dr. side> Cr. side, which means Expenses > Incomes. This loss is also distributed among the Partners.

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Manvi
Manvi
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External Users
  2. Karan B.com and Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    External users are people outside the business or entity who use accounting information. They do not have a direct link with the organization but can influence or can be influenced by the organization's activities. For example - Tax Authorities, Banks, Customers, Trade Unions, Government, Investors,Read more

    External users are people outside the business or entity who use accounting information. They do not have a direct link with the organization but can influence or can be influenced by the organization’s activities.

    For example – Tax Authorities, Banks, Customers, Trade Unions, Government, Investors, or Creditors.

    External Users:

    • Investors – Investors are interested in the past performance and future earnings of the business. They want to track the performance of their business whether it is giving them any benefit or not. A business’s past information helps investors in assessing their investments.
    • Creditors or Suppliers – Some suppliers provide goods and services on credit, and before providing any credit they check the company’s ability to pay. Creditors are interested in the company’s liquidity i.e to see if a company can fulfill short-term obligations.
    • Customers – Customers are more interested in a company’s financial statement as they rely on them for goods and services. They check the ability of the company whether it is providing them good quality goods and will continue to provide them in future.
    • Banks – Banks are most likely interested in the liquidity and profitability of the company. They keep track of whether the company can pay the debt when it is due along with interest.
    • Government – The company’s activities are central to the economy and must be met by them. The government controls a company’s actions if they break a law or damage the environment.
    • Environmental agencies – They keep an eye on organizations whether their activities are harming the environment or not.
    • Trade unions – They take an active part in the decision-making process. They want to see the financial statements of the company and want to decide the compensation of the employees they represent.
    • Tax authorities – They determine whether the business has declared the correct amount of tax in its tax returns. They conduct audits of the tax returns to verify them with the accounting records disclosed.

    Here is a summary of external users

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Naina@123
Naina@123
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  2. Radha M.Com, NET
    This answer was edited.

    Buildings S.No. Particulars Rate 1 Buildings which are used mainly for residential purposes except hotels and boarding houses. 5% 2 Buildings other than those used mainly for residential purposes and not covered by sub-items (1) above and (3) below. 10% 3 Buildings acquired on or after the 1st day oRead more

    Buildings
    S.No. Particulars Rate
    1 Buildings which are used mainly for residential purposes except hotels and boarding houses. 5%
    2 Buildings other than those used mainly for residential purposes and not covered by sub-items (1) above and (3) below. 10%
    3 Buildings acquired on or after the 1st day of September, 2002 for installing machinery and plant forming part of water supply project or water treatment system and which is put to use for the purpose of business of providing infra- structure facilities. 40%
    4 Purely temporary erections such as wooden structures. 40%
    Furniture & Fittings
    S.No. Particulars Rate
    Furniture and fittings including electrical fittings. 10%
    Machinery & Plant
    S.No. Particulars Rate
    1  Machinery and plant other than those covered by sub-items (2), (3) and (8) below. 15%
    2 (i) Motor cars, other than those used in a business of running them on hire, acquired or put to use on or after the 1st day of April, 1990 except those covered under entry (ii). 15%
    2 (ii) Motor cars, other than those used in a business of running them on hire, acquired on or after the 23rd day of August, 2019 but before the 1st day of April, 2020 and is put to use before the 1st day of April, 2020. 30%
    3 (i) Aeroplanes – Aero engines. 40%
    3 (ii) (a) Motor buses, motor lorries and motor taxis used in a business of running them on hire other than those covered under entry (b). 30%
    (b) Motor buses, motor lorries and motor taxis used in a business of running them on hire, acquired on or after the 23rd day of August, 2019 but before the 1st day of April, 2020 and is put to use before the 1st day of April, 2020. 45%
    3 (iii) Commercial vehicle which is acquired by the assessee on or after the 1st day of October, 1998, but before the 1st day of April, 1999 and is put to use for any period before the 1st day of April, 1999 for the purposes of business or profession. 40%
    3 (iv) New commercial vehicle which is acquired on or after the 1st October, 1998, but before the 1st April, 1999 in replacement of condemned vehicle of over 15 years of age and is put to use for any period before the 1st day of April, 1999 for the purposes of business or profession. 40%
    3 (v) New commercial vehicle which is acquired on or after the 1st April, 1999 but before the 1st April, 2000 in replacement of condemned vehicle of over 15 years of age and is put to use before the 1st April, 2000 for the purposes of business or profession. 40%
    3 (vi) New commercial vehicle which is acquired on or after the 1st April, 2001 but before the 1st April, 2002 and is put to use before the 1st day of April, 2002 for the purposes of business or profession. 40%
    3 (via) New commercial vehicle which is acquired on or after the 1st January, 2009 but before the 1st October, 2009 and is put to use before the 1st October, 2009 for the purposes of business or profession. 40%
    3 (vii) Moulds used in rubber and plastic goods factories. 30%
    3 (viii) Air pollution control equipment. 40%
    3 (ix) Water pollution control equipment. 40%
    3 (x) Solid waste control equipments & solid waste recycling and resource recovery systems. 40%
    3 (xi) Machinery and plant, used in semi-conductor industry covering all integrated circuits (ICs). 30%
    3 (xia) Life saving medical equipment. 40%
    4  Containers made of glass or plastic used as re-fills. 40%
    5 Computers including computer software. 40%
    6 Machinery and plant, used in weaving, processing and garment sector of textile industry, which is purchased & put to use under TUFS on or after the 1st April, 2001 but before the 1st April, 2004. 40%
    7 Machinery and plant, acquired and installed on or after the 1st September, 2002 in a water supply project or a water treatment system and which is put to use for the purpose of business of providing infrastructure facility. 40%
    8 (i) Wooden parts used in artificial silk manufacturing machinery. 40%
    8 (ii) Cinematograph films – bulbs of studio lights. 40%
    8 (iii) Match factories – Wooden match frames. 40%
    8 (iv) Mines and quarries. 40%
    8 (v) Salt works – Salt pans, reservoirs and condensers, etc., made of earthy, sandy or clayey material or any other similar material. 40%
    8 (vi) Flour mills – Rollers. 40%
    8 (vii) Iron and steel industry – Rolling mill rolls. 40%
    8 (viii) Sugar works – Rollers. 40%
    8 (ix) Energy saving devices: (a) Specialised boilers and furnaces. 40%
    (b) Instrumentation and monitoring system for monitoring energy flows. 40%
    (c) Waste heat recovery equipment. 40%
    (d) Co-generation systems. 40%
    (e) Electrical equipment. 40%
    (f) Burners. 40%
    (g) Other equipment. 40%
    8 (x) Gas cylinders including valves and regulators. 40%
    8 (xi) Glass manufacturing concerns – Direct fire glass melting furnaces. 40%
    8 (xii) Mineral oil concerns: (a) Plant used in field operations (above ground) distribution – Returnable packages. 40%
    (b) Plant used in field operations (below ground), but not including kerbside pumps including underground tanks and fittings used in field operations (distribution) by mineral oil concerns. 40%
    (c) Oil wells not covered in clauses (a) and (b). 15%
    8 (ix) Renewal energy devices. 40%
    9 (i) Books owned by assessees carrying on a profession. 40%
    9 (ii) Books owned by assessees carrying on business in running lending libraries. 40%
    Ships
    S.No. Particulars Rate
    1 Ocean-going ships including dredgers, tugs, barges, survey launches and other similar ships used mainly for dredging purposes and fishing vessels with wooden hull. 20%
    2 Vessels ordinarily operating on inland waters, not covered by sub-item (3) below. 20%
    3 Vessels ordinarily operating on inland waters being speed boats. 20%
    Intangible Assets
    S.No. Particulars Rate
    1 Know-how, patents, copyrights, trademarks, licences, franchises or any other business or commercial rights of similar nature not being goodwill of business of profession. 25%

     

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified

    Outstanding Income is the income that is due and is being earned but not yet received. The person/ firm has the legal rights to receive that part of the income which it has earned. Outstanding Income is an Asset Account for the business/ the person. According to the modern approach, for Asset AccounRead more

    Outstanding Income is the income that is due and is being earned but not yet received. The person/ firm has the legal rights to receive that part of the income which it has earned.

    Outstanding Income is an Asset Account for the business/ the person.

    According to the modern approach, for Asset Account:

    • When there is an increase in the Asset, it is Debited.
    • When there is a decrease in Asset, it is Credited.

    So the journal entry  will be-

     

    For Example, Mr. Rashid works as a laborer in a factory and he earns wages @Rs 500/day.

    So by the end of the week, he receives a payment of Rs 3000 of Rs 3500 i.e. he receives payment of 6 days instead of 7 days. So here Rs 500 would be an outstanding income of Mr. Rashid as he has earned that income but has not received it yet.

    Journal Entry –

     

    Another example, Yes Bank gave a loan of Rs 10,00,000 to company Ford @ 10% as interest payable monthly. The interest for one month i.e. Rs 1,00,000 has not been received by Yes Bank which is being due. So it will be outstanding income for Yes Bank since it is due but not yet received.

    Journal entry-

     

    Accounting Treatment for Outstanding Income-

    • Treatment in Income Statement

    The Outstanding Income is shown on the credit side of the income statement as the income is earned for the current year but not yet received.

    • Treatment in Balance Sheet

    Outstanding Income is an Asset for the business and hence shown on the Assets side of the balance sheet.

     

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