AccountingQA Latest Questions

Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
In: >

  2. ShreyaSharma none
    This answer was edited.

    Ledger posting As we know, a business records all of its transactions in the journal. After the transactions are recorded in the journal, they are posted in the principal book called ‘Ledger’. Transferring the entries from journals to respective ledger accounts is called ledger posting or posting toRead more

    Ledger posting

    As we know, a business records all of its transactions in the journal. After the transactions are recorded in the journal, they are posted in the principal book called ‘Ledger’. Transferring the entries from journals to respective ledger accounts is called ledger posting or posting to the ledger accounts. Balancing of ledgers is carried out to find differences at the year’s end.

    Posting to the ledger account means entering information in the ledger, and respective accounts from the journal for individual records. The accounts that are credited are posted to the credit side and vice versa.

    Ledger maintenance is done at the end of an accounting period and it’s maintained to reflect a permanent summary of all the journal accounts. In the end, all the accounts that are entered and operated in the ledger are closed, totaled, and balanced. Balancing the ledger means finding the difference between the debit and credit amounts of a particular account.

    While posting to the ledger account, suppose goods were bought for cash. While passing the journal entry, we’ll be debiting the purchases a/c and crediting the cash a/c by stating it as, ‘To Cash A/c’.

    Now, this entry will be affecting both the purchases account and the cash account. In the cash account, we’ll be debiting purchases. Whereas in the purchases account, we’ll be crediting the cash. That’s how it works in the double-entry bookkeeping system of accounting.

    Example

    Mr. Tony Stark started the business with cash of $100,000 on April 1, 2021. He bought furniture for business for $15,000. He further purchased goods for $75,000.

    Now, we’ll be journalizing the transactions and posting them into the ledger accounts.

    Journal Entries

    Posting to Ledger Account

    Cash A/c

    Capital A/c

    Furniture A/c

    Purchases A/c

     

     

     

    See less
    • 0
A_Team
A_Team
In: >

  2. Manvi Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a not-for-profit, public interest organization. The main objective of the IFRS Foundation is to raise the standard of financial reporting and bring about global harmonization of accounting standards. IFRS was established to develop high-quality,Read more

    International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a not-for-profit, public interest organization. The main objective of the IFRS Foundation is to raise the standard of financial reporting and bring about global harmonization of accounting standards.

    IFRS was established to develop high-quality, understandable, enforceable, and generally accepted accounting standards. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) develops IFRS. There are currently 16 IFRSs in issue.

    Benefits of IFRS Standards:

    1. It brings transparency by international comparability and quality of financial information.
    2. It strengthens accountability by reducing the information gap between providers and users of the capital.
    3. It contributes to economic efficiency by improving capital allocation and, helps investors in identifying opportunities and risks across the world.

     

    Following are the uses of IFRS:

    1. As national requirements.
    2. As the basis for all or some national requirements.
    3. As an international benchmark for those countries which develop their own requirements.
    4. By regulatory authorities for domestic and foreign companies.
    5. By companies themselves.

     

    Challenges faced by companies if IFRS is not implemented:

    1. The financial statements will differ for the companies who have offices worldwide and use only national accounting standards.
    2. Increased complexity while preparing financial statements.
    3. Difficulty in comparing and verifying financial statements.
    4. Accounting of transactions will differ from country to country if IFRS is not implemented.
    See less
    • 0
Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
In: >

  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Interest on capital Interest on capital is interest payable to the owner/partners for providing a firm with the required capital to commence the business. It's a fixed return that a business owner is eligible to receive. When the business firm faces a loss, the interest on capital will not be providRead more

    Interest on capital

    Interest on capital is interest payable to the owner/partners for providing a firm with the required capital to commence the business. It’s a fixed return that a business owner is eligible to receive.

    When the business firm faces a loss, the interest on capital will not be provided. It is permitted only when the business earns a profit. Such payment of interest is generally observed in partnership firms. It is provided before the division of profits among the partners in a partnership firm.

    If an owner or partner introduces additional capital to the business, it is also taken into account for providing interest on capital.

    Sample journal entry

    Interest on capital is an expense for business, thus, debited as per the golden rules of accounting, debit the increase in expense, and the owner/partner’s capital a/c is credited as per the rule, credit all incomes and gain.

    As per the modern rules of accounting, we debit the increase in expenditure and credit the increase in capital.

    As we know, as per the business entity concept, business and owner are two different entities and a business is a separate living entity. Therefore, the capital introduced by the owner/partners is the amount on which they’re eligible to receive a return.

    Example:

    Tom is the business owner of the firm XYZ Ltd. He has contributed ₹ 10,00,000 to the business with 10% interest provided to Tom at the end of the year.

    Solution:

    Here interest on capital will be calculated as,

    Interest on capital = Amount invested × Rate of interest × Number of Months/12

    = 10,00,000 × 10% × 12/12

    = ₹ 1,00,000

    See less
    • 0
A_Team
A_Team
In: >

  2. SidharthBadlani CA Inter Student
    This answer was edited.

    Bad debts mean the money owed by customers who have gone bankrupt or the likelihood of who's ever returning the money is significantly low. Bad debt is a nominal account. A nominal account is an account that records the business transactions belonging to a certain category of income, expense, profitRead more

    Bad debts mean the money owed by customers who have gone bankrupt or the likelihood of who’s ever returning the money is significantly low. Bad debt is a nominal account.

    A nominal account is an account that records the business transactions belonging to a certain category of income, expense, profit or loss. The balances on nominal accounts are normally written off at the end of each financial year. For example, sales A/c, purchases A/c, interest income, loss from the sale of assets etc.

    Why are bad debts A/c classified as a nominal account?

    First of all, let us understand the other two types of accounts – personal accounts and real accounts.

    Personal accounts deal with the records of the business’ transactions with a particular person or entity. For example Mukesh A/c, Mahesh A/c, Reliance A/c, Suresh and Co. A/c etc.

    Real accounts deal with transactions and records related to assets. The balance in these accounts is normally carried forward from one period to another. For example “Furniture A/c “, ” Building A/c ” etc.

    Now that we have understood the basic definitions of all three types of accounts, we can discuss the reason behind the classification of bad debts as nominal accounts.

    A bad debt is a loss that the company has incurred. It may be due to bankruptcy of customers, customer fraud etc. The company isn’t going to receive that money. The bad debts are written off at the end of the year by transferring them to profit and loss A/c.

    Thus, bad debts relate to loss and are normally not carried forward from one period to another. Hence, they are classified as nominal accounts.

    Treatment of Bad Debts

    Bad debts are written off at the end of each year by debiting them to the profit and loss A/c. The amount of bad debts is reduced from the amount of debtors that the company has.

    A company may also choose to create a provision for bad debts for the balance amount of debtors that the company has after adjusting for bad debts. This provision represents a rough estimate of the amount due to debtors that the business expects to not receive. In other words, it is an estimate of customer bankruptcy that the business expects.

    Conclusion

    We can conclude that

    • There are primarily three types of accounts – real, personal and nominal.
    • Bad debts are a nominal account.
    • Bad debts is a loss that the business has incurred
    • It may be due to bankruptcy of customers, fraud etc
    • Bad debts are written off each year by transferring them to the income statement
    See less
    • 0
A_Team
A_Team
In: >

Cash Stock in trade Furniture Advance Payment

  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    The correct option is 3.) The term current assets do not include furniture. Explanation A current asset is any asset that can reasonably be expected to be sold, consumed, or exhausted through the normal operations of a business within one accounting year. Thus, current assets don't have life for morRead more

    The correct option is 3.)

    The term current assets do not include furniture.

    Explanation

    A current asset is any asset that can reasonably be expected to be sold, consumed, or exhausted through the normal operations of a business within one accounting year. Thus, current assets don’t have life for more than a year.

    Example: Cash and cash equivalent, stock, liquid assets, etc.

    Furniture is expected to have a useful life for more than a year and they are bought for a long term by a company.

    Cash is a more liquid asset of a company making it a more “current” asset. It requires no conversion and is spendable as it is. Thus, making it a vital current asset.

    Stock in trade is a current asset because it can be converted into cash within one year and all the stock in trade of a company is expected to be sold within one accounting period and should not stick for a longer period.

    Advance payment, on the other hand, is an amount paid to an employee, essentially a short-term loan by the employer. It’s recorded on the asset side of the balance sheet and as these assets are used, they are expended and recorded on the income statement for the period in which they are incurred, making it a short-term asset ending within an accounting year.

    Thus, on the asset side of the balance sheet, we can clearly see which current assets are and which are not included in the current asset

    Balance Sheet (As at…..)

    Therefore, (3) Furniture, won’t be included in current assets.

    See less
    • 0
A_Team
A_Team
In: >

  2. Akash Kumar AK
    This answer was edited.

    Generally, Assets are classified into two types. Non-Current Assets Current Assets   Non-Current Asset Noncurrent assets are also known as Fixed assets. These assets are an organization's long-term investments that are not easily converted to cash or are not expected to become cash within an acRead more

    Generally, Assets are classified into two types.

    1. Non-Current Assets
    2. Current Assets

     

    Non-Current Asset

    Noncurrent assets are also known as Fixed assets. These assets are an organization’s long-term investments that are not easily converted to cash or are not expected to become cash within an accounting year.

    In general terms, In accounting, fixed assets are assets that cannot be converted into cash immediately. They are primarily tangible assets used in production having a useful life of more than one accounting period. Unlike current assets or liquid assets, fixed assets are for the purpose of deriving long-term benefits.

    Unlike other assets, fixed assets are written off differently as they provide long-term income. They are also called “long-lived assets” or “Property Plant & Equipment”.

     

    Examples of Fixed Assets

    • Land
    • Land improvement (e.g. irrigation)
    • Building
    • Building (work in progress)
    • Machinery
    • Vehicles
    • Furniture
    • Computer hardware
    • Computer software
    • Office equipment
    • Leasehold improvements (e.g. air conditioning)
    • Intangible assets like trademarks, patents, goodwill, etc. (non-current assets)

     

    Valuation of Fixed asset

    fixed assets are recorded at their net book value, which is the difference between the “historical cost of the asset” and “accumulated depreciation”.

    “Net book value = Historical cost of the asset – Accumulated depreciation”

     

    Example:

    Hasley Co. purchases Furniture for their company at a price of 1,00,000. The Furniture has a constant depreciation of 10,000 per year. So, after 5 years, the net book value of the computer will be recorded as

    1,00,000 – (5 x 10,000) = 50,000.

    Therefore, the furniture value should be shown as 50,000 on the balance sheet.

     

    Presentation in the Balance Sheet

    Both current assets and non-current assets are shown on the asset side(Right side) of the balance sheet.

     

    Difference between Current Asset and Non-Current Asset

    Current assets are the resources held for a short period of time and are mainly used for trading purposes whereas Fixed assets are assets that last for a long time and are acquired for continuous use by an entity.

    The purpose to spend on fixed assets is to generate income over the long term and the purpose of the current assets is to spend on fixed assets to generate income over the long term.

    At the time of the sale of fixed assets, there is a capital gain or capital loss but at the time of the sale of current assets, there is an operating gain or operating loss.

    The main difference between the fixed asset and current asset is, although both are shown in the balance sheet fixed assets are depreciated every year and it is valued by (the cost of the asset – depreciation) and current asset is valued as per their current market value or cost value, whichever is lower.

     

    See less
    • 0
A_Team
A_Team
In: >

  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition Bad debts are a debt owed to an enterprise that is considered to be irrecoverable or we can say that it is owed to the business that is written off because it is irrecoverable. Sometimes debtors are unable to pay the amount due either partially or fully. the amount that is not receivableRead more

    Definition

    Bad debts are a debt owed to an enterprise that is considered to be irrecoverable or we can say that it is owed to the business that is written off because it is irrecoverable.

    Sometimes debtors are unable to pay the amount due either partially or fully. the amount that is not receivable is a loss and is called bad debt.

    Bad debts are neither assets nor liabilities they are expenses that are debited to the profit and loss account and reduced from debtors in the balance sheet.

    For example loans from banks are declared as bad debt, sales made on credit and amounts not received from customers, etc.

     

    Related terms

    So there are a few related terms whose meanings you should know

    • Further bad debts :
      • It means the amount of sundry debtors in the trial balance is before the deduction of bad debts. in this situation, entry for further bad debts is also passed into the books of account.
      • That is bad debts are debited and the debtor’s account is credited. And the accounting treatment for them is the same as bad debts which I have shown you above.

     

    • Bad debts recovered :
      • It may happen that the amount written off as bad debts are recovered fully or partially.
      • In that case, the amount is not credited to the debtor’s (personal) account but is credited to the bad debts recovered account because the amount recovered had been earlier written off as a loss.
      • Thus amount recovered is a ‘gain’  and is credited to the profit and loss account.

     

    Accounting methods

    There are two methods for accounting for bad debts which are mentioned below:-

    • First, is the direct written-off method which states that bad debts will be directly treated as expenses and expensed to the income statement, which is called the profit and loss account.

     

    • Second, is the allowance method which means we create provisions for doubtful debts accounts and the debtor’s account remains as it is since the debtor’s account and provision for doubtful debts account are two separate accounts.

     

      • Debts that are doubtful of recovery are provided estimating the debts that may not be recovered .amount debited to the profit and loss account reduces the current year’s profit and the amount of provision is carried forward to the next year.
      • Next year, when debts actually become bad debts and are written off, the amount of bad debts is transferred ( debited ) to the provision for doubtful debts account.
      • The amount of bad debts is not debited to the profit and loss account since it was already debited in earlier years.
      • Provision for doubtful debts is shown in the debit side of the profit and loss account as well as shown as a deduction from sundry debtors in the assets side of the balance sheet. 

     

    Accounting treatment

    Now let me try to explain to you the accounting treatment for bad debts which is as follows :

    • Balance sheet

     

      • In the balance sheet either it can be shown on the asset side under the head, current assets by reducing from that specific assets.
      • For example, if credit sales are made to a customer who says it’s not recoverable or is partially recoverable then the amount is bad debt. It’s a loss for the business and credited to the personal account of debtors or we can say reduced from debtor those are current assets of the balance sheet.

     

    • Profit and loss account

     

      • Bad debts are treated as expenses and debited to the profit and loss account.
      • For example, as I have explained above, before transferring to the balance sheet, bad debt will be debited to the profit and loss account as an expense.

    Now let me show you the extract of the profit and loss account and balance sheet showing bad debts and bad debts recovered which are as follows:-

    See less
    • 0
Load More Questions

Most Helping Users

Astha

Astha

Leader
Simerpreet

Simerpreet

Helpful
AbhishekBatabyal

AbhishekBatabyal

Helpful