AccountingQA Latest Questions

Spriha Sparsh
Spriha Sparsh
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  2. Radhika
    This answer was edited.

    Working Capital is the capital used in the daily operations of the business. It is calculated as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Gross working capital means current assets and net working capital means the difference between current assets and current liabilities. WorkRead more

    Working Capital is the capital used in the daily operations of the business. It is calculated as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Gross working capital means current assets and net working capital means the difference between current assets and current liabilities.

    Working Capital indicates the short-term liquidity of its business. It means the ability of a company to meet its daily requirements through short-term financing.

    Working Capital can be;

    • Positive
    • Zero, or
    • Negative

    Positive or negative working capital follows a simple rule of math. If current assets are more than current liabilities, working capital is positive and if current assets are less than current liabilities, working capital is negative. When current assets are equal to current liabilities, working capital is zero.

    Negative working capital for a short period means that the company has made a big payment to its vendors, or a significant increase in the creditor’s account because of credit purchases.

    However, if working capital is negative for a longer period it indicates that the company is struggling with its operating requirements or that it has to finance its daily operations through long-term borrowings.

    The current ratio for a company is calculated as: 

    Current Assets divided by Current Liabilities.

    Working Capital and Current Ratio are interrelated. If the Current Ratio is more than 1, it means current assets exceed current liabilities and Working Capital is positive. However, if the Current Ratio is less than 1, it means current liabilities exceed current assets and Working Capital is negative.

    For example-

    If Current Assets are Rs 50,000 and Current Liabilities are Rs 70,000 then

    Working Capital= Current Assets – Current Liabilities

    WC           =        Rs 70,000   –     Rs 50,000

    WC           =                   Rs. 20,000

    Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

    CR        =         Rs.50,000/ Rs. 70,000

    CR        =                           0.71< 1

     

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Vijay
VijayCurious
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Companies Act
  2. Naina@123 (B.COM and CMA-Final)
    This answer was edited.

    Simply explaining the meaning of the useful life of an asset, it is nothing but the number of years the asset would remain in the business for purpose of revenue generation, making it more simple, the amount of time an asset is expected to be functional and fit for use.  It is also called economic lRead more

    Simply explaining the meaning of the useful life of an asset, it is nothing but the number of years the asset would remain in the business for purpose of revenue generation, making it more simple, the amount of time an asset is expected to be functional and fit for use.  It is also called economic life or service life

    It is a useful concept in accounting as it is used to work out depreciation. By knowing this useful life of an asset an entity can easily analyze how to allot the initial cost of an asset across the relevant accounting period rather than doing it unfairly manner.

    How do we calculate the useful life of an asset?

    The useful life of an asset is not an accounting policy, but an accounting estimate. calculating useful life is not an exact phenomenon but an estimate that is done because it directly impacts how much an asset is to expense every year.

    Factors affecting “how long an asset is expected to be useful” depends on some stated points as below:

    1. Usage, the more the assets are used, the more quickly it will deteriorate.
    2. Whether the asset is new at the time of purchase or reused model.
    3. Change in technology.

    As per the companies act 2013, some of the useful life of assets are stated below

    To know more about the different categories of assets you can follow the given link useful life of assets.

    POINT TO BE NOTED:- There lies a huge difference in the useful life v/s the physical life of an asset. It is very important to note that amount of time an asset is used in a business is not always be same as an asset’s entire life span.

     

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Radha
Radha
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  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    Yes, Capital Work in Progress is Tangible Asset. To attain an understanding of the same, we first need to understand what are tangible assets. Assets that have a physical existence, that is they can be seen, touched are called Tangible Assets. Capital work in progress is the cost incurred on fixed aRead more

    Yes, Capital Work in Progress is Tangible Asset.

    To attain an understanding of the same, we first need to understand what are tangible assets. Assets that have a physical existence, that is they can be seen, touched are called Tangible Assets.

    Capital work in progress is the cost incurred on fixed assets that are under construction as on the balance sheet date. Since the asset cannot be used for operation it cannot be classified as a Fixed Asset.

    For example:

    If an asset takes 1.5 years to be constructed as on 1.4.2020 then on the balance sheet date 31.3.2021, the cost incurred on the asset will be classified as Capital Work in Progress.

    Common examples of Capital Work in Progress include immovable assets like Plant and Machinery, Buildings.

    It is shown under the head Non-Current Assets in the balance sheet. Examples of cost included in Capital Work in Progress can be:

    • Advance payment to the contractor
    • Material used/purchased
    • Cost of labor incurred, etc.

    Since the assets under the head Capital Work in Progress are in the process of completion and not completed, hence they are not depreciable until completed. Once the asset is completed it is moved under the head Fixed Assets.

    Capital Work in Progress is shown in the Balance Sheet as:

     

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SidharthBadlani
SidharthBadlani
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition A ledger may be defined as a book that contains, in a summarized and classified form, a permanent record of all transactions. Or in other words, we can say a group of accounts with different characteristics. It is also called the Principal Book of accounts. For example:- salary account, aRead more

    Definition

    A ledger may be defined as a book that contains, in a summarized and classified form, a permanent record of all transactions.

    Or in other words, we can say a group of accounts with different characteristics.

    It is also called the Principal Book of accounts.

    For example:– salary account, and debtor account.

    Sub- ledger it is defined as a group of accounts with common characteristics. And is a part of ledger accounts.

    For example:- customer account, vendor account, etc.

    The difference between a ledger and a sub-ledger is that ledger accounts control sub-ledger accounts whereas a sub-ledger is a part of the ledger account.

    Features Of Ledger

    • Ledger is prepared from the journal.
    • Ledger is a master record of all the accounts of the business.
    • The Ledger account shows the current balances of all accounts.
    • Ledger accounts summarize the effect of transactions upon assets, liabilities, capital, incomes, and expenditures.

    Features Of Sub-Ledger

    • Sub-ledger in accounting provides up-to-date information about the daily activities of the business.
    • It keeps individual track of all balances.
    • Help locate errors in individual accounts.
    • A sub-ledger is a collection of different ledgers used in an account.

     

    Utilities of ledger

    The main utilities of a ledger are summarized as follows :

    • Provides complete information about a particular account: Complete information relating to a particular account is available in one place in the ledger.

    • Information on income and expenses: In the ledger, a separate account is maintained for each income and expense. The amount of total income and total expenses are known from the ledger accounts.

    • Preparation of trial balance: Ledger helps in preparing trial balances which ensure arithmetical accuracy of the transaction recorded in the books of account.

    • Helps in preparing final accounts: After preparing the trial balance, final accounts are prepared to know the profitability and financial position of the business.

    Utilities of sub-ledger

    The utilities of the sub-ledger are as follows :

    • Track customer information: If a client has an outstanding credit debt or needs money refunded, a company can use a sub-ledger to verify the information quickly.

    • Protect financial information: A sub-ledger allows a financial supervisor to isolate certain records so that employees can view only parts of the company’s financial information. This added level of security is important for large corporations.

    • Create separate databases: Large companies usually process large amounts of financial data that may be too big for one database. Software programs organize this data into isolated files to calculate financial information in the general ledger of a business.

    Conclusion

    So here I conclude that a ledger is compulsory in the recording process whereas a sub-ledger is optional.

    The ledger is used for preparing trial balance but the sub-ledger is not used for the same.
    Sub ledger is controlled by the ledger.

    The sub-ledger supports the transaction of each specific account indicated on the ledger.

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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. Naina@123 (B.COM and CMA-Final)
    This answer was edited.

    A cheque that has been issued but yet not presented to the bank for payment is known as an unpresented cheque Generally what happens is when a cheque is issued to a party or say, creditor, the business immediately records them in the bank column of the cash book but the creditor might not present thRead more

    A cheque that has been issued but yet not presented to the bank for payment is known as an unpresented cheque

    Generally what happens is when a cheque is issued to a party or say, creditor, the business immediately records them in the bank column of the cash book but the creditor might not present them immediately to the bank for payment on the same date. The bank will only debit the account when it will be presented to it, therefore as long as the cheque remains unpresented there will be a difference in both the books i.e cash book and passbook.

    Let me give you a short example of the above treatment

    Suppose on 27th January, in the books of Mr. Shyam, the balance of the bank column as per the cash book is Rs 10,000. He received a cheque of Rs 5,000 from Mr. Hari, one of his debtors, which was sent to the bank for collection. The amount of the cheque was not collected by the bank until 31st January. Due to this, there arises a difference of Rs 5,000 in the cash book and pass book of Mr. Shyam.

    Following will be the entry in Mr. Shyam cash book and passbook

    In the books of Mr. Shaym

    Cash book (bank column only)

    Date Particulars Bank (Rs) Date Particulars Bank (Rs)
    27th Jan To balance b/d 10,000
    27th Jan To Hari 5,000
    31st Jan By balance c/d 15,000
    15000 15000

      Mr. Shyam

       Bank Statement

    Date Particulars Debit (Withdraw) Credit (Deposite) Debit or Credit Balance
    31st Jan To balance b/d credit 10,000

    How it is treated in the bank reconciliation statement?

    There lies a temporary difference in both the books as the represented cheques will eventually be presented. Therefore we will not alter the cash book. The bank statement shows the greater amount of Rs 5,000 as compared to the cashbook, therefore we will debit the amount of unpresented cheque which will eventually make it balance to the level of bank statement.

     

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A_Team
A_Team
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Cash Stock in trade Furniture Advance Payment

  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    The correct option is 3.) The term current assets do not include furniture. Explanation A current asset is any asset that can reasonably be expected to be sold, consumed, or exhausted through the normal operations of a business within one accounting year. Thus, current assets don't have life for morRead more

    The correct option is 3.)

    The term current assets do not include furniture.

    Explanation

    A current asset is any asset that can reasonably be expected to be sold, consumed, or exhausted through the normal operations of a business within one accounting year. Thus, current assets don’t have life for more than a year.

    Example: Cash and cash equivalent, stock, liquid assets, etc.

    Furniture is expected to have a useful life for more than a year and they are bought for a long term by a company.

    Cash is a more liquid asset of a company making it a more “current” asset. It requires no conversion and is spendable as it is. Thus, making it a vital current asset.

    Stock in trade is a current asset because it can be converted into cash within one year and all the stock in trade of a company is expected to be sold within one accounting period and should not stick for a longer period.

    Advance payment, on the other hand, is an amount paid to an employee, essentially a short-term loan by the employer. It’s recorded on the asset side of the balance sheet and as these assets are used, they are expended and recorded on the income statement for the period in which they are incurred, making it a short-term asset ending within an accounting year.

    Thus, on the asset side of the balance sheet, we can clearly see which current assets are and which are not included in the current asset

    Balance Sheet (As at…..)

    Therefore, (3) Furniture, won’t be included in current assets.

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    Workmen Compensation Reserve as the name suggests is a reserve created by the company to compensate its employees in the event of any uncertainty in future. It is created to protect the interest of workers in the company. Workmen Compensation Reserve Account is generally given effect in case of admiRead more

    Workmen Compensation Reserve as the name suggests is a reserve created by the company to compensate its employees in the event of any uncertainty in future. It is created to protect the interest of workers in the company.

    Workmen Compensation Reserve Account is generally given effect in case of admission, retirement of partners or dissolution of firm.

    If there is a change in the estimated value of reserve it is given effect during the revaluation of assets and liabilities.

    Journal entry if the existing reserve is less than the new estimated amount:

    Revaluation A/c (Dr)

    To Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c

    The reserve is credited because we need to create more than the existing reserve, since the new estimated liability is more than the existing.

    Journal entry if the existing reserve is more than the new estimated amount:

    Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c (Dr)

    To Revaluation A/c

    The reserve is debited because we need to decrease the existing reserve, since the new estimated liability is less than the existing.

    If a worker claims compensation, it is said to be a liability against the reserve. In case of dissolution, any such liability against workmen compensation reserve takes priority to be paid off according to the law.

    Journal entry in case of claim against reserve is:

    Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c (Dr)

    To Workmen Compensation Claim

    The amount is transferred from the reserve to a new liability, hence the reserve is debited and the claim is credited.

    If there are not sufficient funds in the firm to pay the liability, partners will have to bring funds from their personal assets to pay the workers.

    Journal entry when partner’s have to bring funds:

    Partner’s Capital Account (Dr)

    To Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c

    Partner’s need to bring funds to fulfill the liability, hence there account is debited and since the reserve is increased, hence it is credited.

    If there is no liability against the Workmen Compensation Reserve then it is distributed amongst the partners in their existing profit-sharing ratio.

    Journal entry for distribution of reserve is:

    Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c (Dr)

    To Partner’s Capital Account

    Since, reserve is more than required it is distributed among partners, hence their account is credited and as the reserve decreases, it is debited.

     

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition Current assets are defined as cash and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash or consumed in the production of goods or rendering of services in the normal course of business. Or in other words, we can say that the expected realization period is less than the operating cRead more

    Definition

    Current assets are defined as cash and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash or consumed in the production of goods or rendering of services in the normal course of business.

    Or in other words, we can say that the expected realization period is less than the operating cycle period although it is more than the period of 12 months from the date of the balance sheet.

    For example, goods are purchased with the purpose to resell and earn a profit, debtors exist to convert them into cash i.e., receive the amount from them, bills receivable exist again for receiving cash against it, etc.

     

    List of current assets

    The list of current assets is as follows:-

    • Cash in hand
    • Cash equivalents
    • Bills receivables
    • Sundry debtors
    • Prepaid expenses
    • Accrued income
    • Closing stock
    • Short-term investments ( marketable securities )
    • Other liquid assets

     

    Now here are a few definitions for the above list of current assets which are as follows:-

    • Cash in hand

    Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks.

     

    • Cash equivalents

    Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

     

    • Bills receivables

    It means a bill of exchange accepted by the debtor, the amount of which will be received on the specific date.

     

    • Sundry debtors

    A debtor is a person or entity who owes an amount to an enterprise against credit sales of goods and/or services rendered.

     

    • Prepaid expenses

    Expense that has been paid in advance and benefit of which will be available in the following years or year.

     

    • Accrued income

    Income that has been earned in the accounting period but in respect of which no enforceable claim has become due in that period by the enterprise.

     

    • Closing stock

    Stock or inventory at the end of the accounting period which is shown in the balance sheet and which is valued on the basis of the “ cost or net realizable value, whichever is lower “ principle is called closing stock.

     

    • Short term investment

    Investments that are also known as marketable securities and are held for a temporary period of time i.e, for less than 12 months, and can be easily converted into cash are called short-term investments.

     

    Criteria for classification

    Now let us see the classification of assets in the case of companies as per Schedule III of the Companies act 2013.

    An asset is a current asset if it satisfies any one of the following criteria which are as follows:-

    • It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded.

     

    • It is expected to be realized in or is intended for sale or consumption in the company’s normal operating cycle.

     

    • It is expected to be realized within 12 months from the reporting date.

     

    • It is cash and cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date.

     

    Here is an extract of the balance sheet showing current assets 

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Naina@123
Naina@123
In: >

  2. prashant06 B.com, CMA pursuing
    This answer was edited.

    Revenue also called income is nothing but the income generated by individuals or businesses from the sale of goods or investing capital or assets. Some examples of revenue are as follows:- Sales revenue Dividend received Interest earned Rent received Commission    1. SALES REVENUE Sales revenueRead more

    Revenue also called income is nothing but the income generated by individuals or businesses from the sale of goods or investing capital or assets. Some examples of revenue are as follows:-

    1. Sales revenue
    2. Dividend received
    3. Interest earned
    4. Rent received
    5. Commission

     

     1. SALES REVENUE

    Sales revenue is the income received by the individual or business by selling its product or provision of services. the words “sale” and “revenue” are used interchangeably to mean the same thing. It is to be noted that revenue does not necessarily mean it has been received in cash, it can be partly in cash or partly on credit also.

    How to calculate sales revenue?

    SALES REVENUE = NO. OF UNITS SOLD * AVERAGE PRICE PER UNIT

    For example:- Amazon sold 4000 units of shirts @ 500 each. Therefore sales revenue for amazon is

    Sales revenue = 4000 * 500

    = 20,00,000

    Treatment of sales revenue in the financial statement, since sales are part of a trading account and appear on the credit side of the trading account.

    2. DIVIDEND RECEIVED

    Naina, this can be explained in simple terms. Suppose you own shares of a company which declares dividend so the dividend received is income for you. Since it does not reduce the assets of a company nor creates a liability it is shown as income and posted on the credit side of profit & loss A/c.

    Let me give you a short example of a dividend received, suppose you own 1000 shares of ABC.ltd. the company at the quarter-end calculate its earnings and decides to declare a dividend of Rs 5 per share. Therefore you would receive 1000* 5 i.e Rs 5000 as dividend income.

    3. INTEREST INCOME EARNED

    Interest income is the earnings the entity receives on any investments made. To be more precise it is money earned by an individual or business for lending their fund either by putting them as deposit in the bank. It is shown on the credit side of the profit & loss A/c.

    A very simple example for interest earned is when a business or an individual deposits money in the bank as savings and decided not to touch it for the coming years then such a depositor will gain interest on such savings by the bank. such type of income so received is treated as interest received and shown as income in the profit & loss A/c.

    3. RENT RECEIVED

    When money is received by the business for exchange of use of assets of the business by the other person, then it will be called rent received. Rent can be received by the business firm in respect of land, building, machinery, etc. As rent received is income for the business firm, it is shown on the credit side of profit & loss A/c.

    For example, X. ltd received Rs 20,000 via cash on one of its properties to Mr. Z. Then rent so received shall be treated as income in the books of ABC. ltd and same shall be treated as income and shown in the profit & loss statement.

    Summarised extract of profit & loss account is shown below for dividend received, Rent received and interest earned.

     

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Karan
Karan
In: >

  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Negative working capital means the excess of current liabilities over current assets in an enterprise. Let’s understand what working capital is to get more clarity about negative working capital. Meaning of Working Capital Working Capital refers to the difference between current assets and current lRead more

    Negative working capital means the excess of current liabilities over current assets in an enterprise.

    Let’s understand what working capital is to get more clarity about negative working capital.

    Meaning of Working Capital

    Working Capital refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities of a business.

    Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities

    It is the capital that an enterprise employs to run its daily operations. It indicates the short term liquidity or the capacity to pay off the current liabilities and pay for the daily operations.

    Items under Current Assets and Current Liabilities

    It is important to know about the items under current assets and current liabilities to understand the significance of working capital.

    Current assets include cash and bank balance, accounts receivables, inventories, short term investments, prepaid expenses etc.

    Current liabilities include accounts payable, short term loans, bank overdraft, interest on short term investment, outstanding salaries and wages etc.

    Types of working capital

    Since the working capital is just the difference between current assets and liabilities, the working capital can be one of the following:

    • Positive (Current assets > Current liabilities)
    • Zero  (Current assets = Current liabilities)
    • Negative (Current assets < Current liabilities)

    Hence, negative working capital exists when current liabilities are more than current assets.

    Implications of having negative working capital

    Having negative working capital is not an ideal situation for an enterprise. Having negative working capital indicates that the enterprise is not in a position to pay off its current liabilities and there may be a cash crunch in the business.

    An enterprise may have to finance its working capital requirements through long term finance sources if its working capital remains negative for quite a long time.

    The ideal situation is to have current assets two times the current liabilities to maintain a good short term liquidity of the business i.e.

    Current Assets  = 2(Current Liabilities)

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