AccountingQA Latest Questions

Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. Astha Leader Pursuing CA, BCom (Hons.)
    This answer was edited.

    General reserve is the part of profits or money kept aside to meet future uncertainties and obligations of the entity.  General reserve is created out of revenue profits for unspecified purposes and therefore is also a part of free reserves. General reserve forms a part of the Profit & Loss ApprRead more

    General reserve is the part of profits or money kept aside to meet future uncertainties and obligations of the entity.  General reserve is created out of revenue profits for unspecified purposes and therefore is also a part of free reserves.

    General reserve forms a part of the Profit & Loss Appropriation account and is created to strengthen the financial position of the entity and serves as a sources of internal financing. It is upon the discretion of the management as to how much of a reserve is to be created. No reserve is created when the entity incurs losses.

    General reserve is shown in the Reserves & Surplus head on the liability side of the balance sheet of the entity and carries a credit balance.

    Suppose, an entity, ABC Ltd engaged in the business of electronics earns a profit of 85000 in the current financial year and has an existing general reserve amounting to 100000. The management decides to keep aside 20% of its profits as general reserve.

    Then the amount to be transferred to general reserve will be = 85000*20% = 17000.

    In the financial statements it will be shown as follows-

    Now, in the next financial year, the entity incurs losses amounting to 45000. In this case, no amount shall be transferred to the general reserve of the entity and will be shown in the financial statement as follows-

    The creation of general reserve can sometimes be deceiving since it does not show the clear picture of the entity and absorbs losses incurred.

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Non-debt capital receipts As we're aware, there are two main sources of the government’s income — revenue receipts and capital receipts. Revenue receipts are all those receipts that neither create any liability nor cause any reduction in assets for the government, whereas, capital receipts are thoseRead more

    Non-debt capital receipts

    As we’re aware, there are two main sources of the government’s income — revenue receipts and capital receipts. Revenue receipts are all those receipts that neither create any liability nor cause any reduction in assets for the government, whereas, capital receipts are those money receipts of the government that either create a liability for a government or cause a reduction in assets.

    Revenue receipts comprise both tax and non-tax revenues while capital receipts consist of capital receipts and non-debt capital receipts. Non-debt capital receipt is a part of capital receipt.

    Definition

    Non-debt capital receipts, also known as NDCR, are the taxes and duties levied by the government forming the biggest source of its income. Those receipts of the government lead to a decrease in assets, and not an increase in liabilities. It accounts for just 3% of the central government’s total receipts.

    The union government usually lists non-debt capital receipts in two categories:

    • Recovery of loans – Recovery of loans means the amount recovered when a loan defaults.
    • Other receipts – Other receipts basically mean disinvestment proceeds from the sale of the government’s share in public-sector companies.
    • Money accrued to the union government from the listing of central government companies and the issue of bonus shares.

     

    For Example – Disinvestment and recovery of loans are non-debt creating capital receipts.

     

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Anushka Lalwani
Anushka Lalwani
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  2. Akash Kumar AK
    This answer was edited.

    Expenses are of two types, are Direct Expenses Indirect Expenses   Direct Expenses Direct expenses are those expenses are which are directly related to the manufacturing or production of the final goods. These expenses are also known as Manufacturing expenses. Manufacturing or production of gooRead more

    Expenses are of two types, are

    1. Direct Expenses
    2. Indirect Expenses

     

    Direct Expenses

    Direct expenses are those expenses are which are directly related to the manufacturing or production of the final goods. These expenses are also known as Manufacturing expenses.

    Manufacturing or production of goods indicates the conversion of Raw material into finished goods. the expenses incurred in the stage of conversion are treated as Direct expenses or Manufacturing expenses.

    Direct expenses are shown on the Debit side of the Trading Account.

     

    Indirect Expenses

    Indirect expenses are those expenses that are incurred to run a business day-to-day and maintenance of the company.  In other words, they are not directly related to making a product or service or buying a wholesale product to resell.

    Indirect expenses are classified into three types, which are

    1. Factory Expenses
    2. Administrative Expenses
    3. Selling & Distribution Expenses

    Indirect Expenses are shown on the Debit side of the Profit and Loss Account.

     

    Presentation of Direct Expenses in Trading Account

     

    Examples of Direct Expenses

    1. Gas, water, and Fuel: Gas, water, and fuel are the essentials to run a factory and are used in machinery to manufacture its final goods.
    2. Wages: Wages are the daily payments to the workers or Labours working in the factory premises on a daily or weekly payment basis.
    3. Freight and Carriage: Freight and Carriage are the expenses related to the importing of raw materials from the godown or from the outsiders to the Factory.
    4. Factory Rent: Rent paid for the factory area or any payment related to the place of the factory is known as factory rent.
    5. Factory Lighting: The expenses related to the uniform distribution of light over the working plane are obtained in the factory premises.
    6. Factory Insurance: The payment of insurance related to the factory will come under direct expenses.
    7. Manufacturing Expenses: Any other expenses related to the manufacturing process of finished goods are manufacturing expenses.
    8. Cargo Expenses: These are the expenses related to goods or freight being shipped or carried by the ocean, air, or land from one place to another.
    9. Upkeep and Maintenance: These are the expenses related to the maintenance of the factory for smooth running.
    10. Repairs on Machinery: The expenses related to any repair on machinery which is used in the production.
    11. Coal, Oil, and Grease: Coal, oil, and grease are the essentials to run machinery which results in the conversion of raw material to finished goods.
    12. Custom Charges: The expenses related to the payment of any Customs duty for the material imported.
    13. Clearing Charges: A clearing charge is a charge assessed on securities transactions by a clearing house for completing transactions using its own facilities.
    14. Depreciation on Machinery: Generally it is a nonmonetary expense but recorded in the trading account as a direct expense as per the accrual accounting.
    15. Import duty: any payment related to the importing of any machinery or any material from other countries is known as import duty.
    16. Octroi: this is the tax levied by a local political unit, normally the commune or municipal authority, on certain categories of goods as they enter the area.
    17. Shipping expenses: any expense related to the shipment charges of the raw material is known as shipping expenses.
    18. Motive power: Motive Power basically means any power, such as electricity or steam energy, etc, used to impart motion to any source of mechanical energy.
    19. Dock dues: a payment that a shipping company must pay for the use of a port.
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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Naina@123 (B.COM and CMA-Final)
    This answer was edited.

    Let me explain to you in short what is unrecorded assets in the partnership. Basically, these are the assets that are not recorded in the books of accounts but are still present in the business in physical form. These assets are directly credited to the realization account at the time of dissolutionRead more

    Let me explain to you in short what is unrecorded assets in the partnership. Basically, these are the assets that are not recorded in the books of accounts but are still present in the business in physical form. These assets are directly credited to the realization account at the time of dissolution of the partnership firm

    Unrecorded assets are treated in two ways:

    1. Either they can be sold for cash.
    2. Taken over by any of the partners.

    The journal entry for the unrecorded assets sold in cash is as follows:

    Bank A/c                                                                           ……..Dr xxx
                To Realization A/c xxx
    (Being unrecorded assets sold for cash)

    To make the entries more simple for you let me give you a small example

    A partnership firm has decided to dissolve its business. The firm had old furniture which was completely written off. They decide to sell the furniture for Rs 3,000. Here we can see that the firm has decided to realize its furniture by selling them in cash. Therefore the journal entry would be

    Bank A/c                                                                    ……..Dr 3,000
                To Realisation A/c 3,000
    (Being old furniture sold for cash)

    And the journal entry for unrecorded assets taken over by the partner is as follows:

    Partner’s capital A/c                                                      ……..Dr xxx
                To Realization A/c xxx
    (Being unrecorded taken over by the partner)

    For example:

    A partnership firm has decided to dissolve its business. The firm had old furniture which was completely written off. One of the pieces of furniture was taken over by one of the partners for Rs 3,000. Here we can see that the firm has decided to realize its furniture by taking over the partner. Therefore the journal entry would be

    Bank A/c                                                                    ……..Dr 3,000
                To Partnership A/c 3,000
    (Being old furniture taken by partner)

    As realization is a nominal account it debits all expenses and losses while credit all incomes and gains. Therefore when a business treats unrecorded assets either by selling them or is taken over by the partner’s, it brings a certain amount of cash into the business hence Bank A/c and Partner’s capital account is debited in the journal entry and appear on the credit side of the realization account.

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Karan
Karan
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    Accumulated profit is the amount of profit left after the payment of dividends to the shareholders. It is also known as retained earnings. It is the profit that is not distributed as dividends to shareholders, hence called retained earnings. This accumulated profit is an important source of internalRead more

    Accumulated profit is the amount of profit left after the payment of dividends to the shareholders. It is also known as retained earnings. It is the profit that is not distributed as dividends to shareholders, hence called retained earnings. This accumulated profit is an important source of internal finance for a company. Accumulated profit or retained earnings can be ascertained using the following formula:

    Accumulated profit = Opening balance of accumulated profit + Net Profit/Loss (loss being in the negative figure) – Dividend paid

    Accumulated profit can be put to the following uses:

    • To reinvest into the business in form of capital assets or working capital.
    • To repay the debt of the company.
    • To pay dividends in future.
    • To set off the net loss made by the company.

    Accumulated profit and reserves are often considered the same. But in substance, they are not. The reserves are actually part of the accumulated profit, but the converse is not true. They are created by transferring amounts from the accumulated profit. While reserves are created for purpose of strengthening the financial foundation of a firm, the accumulated profit’s main purpose is to make reinvest in the business to increase its growth.

    The amount of accumulated profits depends upon the retention ratio and dividend payout ratio of a company.  The retention ratio is the opposite of the dividend payout ratio.

    The formula of dividend pay-out ratio = Dividend payable/Net Income

    And retention ratio = 1 – (Dividend payable/Net Income)

    If the retention ratio is more than the dividend payout ratio, the accumulated profit remains positive.

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    Journal Entry for Interest on Drawings is- Particulars Amount Amount Drawings A/c                                                      Dr $$$      To Interest on Drawings A/c $$$ So as per the modern approach: From the point of view of business, Interest on Drawings is an Income. When there is an inRead more

    Journal Entry for Interest on Drawings is-

    Particulars Amount Amount
    Drawings A/c                                                      Dr $$$
         To Interest on Drawings A/c $$$

    So as per the modern approach: From the point of view of business, Interest on Drawings is an Income.

    • When there is an increase in the Income, it is credited.
    • When there is a decrease in the Income, it is debited.

     

    From the point of view of the proprietor, Interest on Drawings is a Liability.

    So as per the modern approach:

    • When there is an increase in the Liability, it is credited.
    • When there is a decrease in the Liability, it is debited.

     

    So as per the modern approach,  Interest on Drawings is credited because with Interest the income increases for the business. Whereas,  the amount of such interest is a loss from the point of view of the owner/ Proprietor, as such the amount of drawings is increased by the amount of interest and hence the Drawings account is debited.

    For Example, Harry charged interest on drawings on Rs 10,000 @ 12% for one year.

    Explanation:

    Step 1: To identify the account heads.

    In this transaction, two accounts are involved, i.e. Drawings A/c and Interest on Drawings A/c.

    Step 2: To Classify the account heads.

    According to the modern approach: From the point of view of business,  Interest on Drawings is a Revenue A/c and Drawings A/c is an Expense A/c.

    Step 3: Application of Rules for Debit and Credit:

    According to the modern approach: As Revenue increases because of interest on drawings received by the business, Interest on Drawings A/c will be Credited. (Rule – increase in Revenue is credited).

    Drawings A/c is an expense account for the business and as expense increases, Drawings A/c will be debited. (Rule – increase in the expenses is debited).

    So from the above explanation, the Journal Entry will be-

    Particulars Amount Amount
    Drawings A/c                                                      Dr 1,200
         To Interest on Drawings A/c 1,200

     

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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A. True B. False

  2. prashant06 B.com, CMA pursuing
    This answer was edited.

    The answer is B. False. Before jumping on the solution to know why goodwill is not fictitious, we need to know what are fictitious assets? Fictitious assets are false assets or not true assets. These are not assets but expenses & losses that are not written off from the profit & loss accountRead more

    The answer is B. False. Before jumping on the solution to know why goodwill is not fictitious, we need to know what are fictitious assets?

    Fictitious assets are false assets or not true assets. These are not assets but expenses & losses that are not written off from the profit & loss account but shown in the balance sheet as assets under the head miscellaneous expenditure. For example preliminary expenses, loss on issue of debentures, etc.

    Goodwill is not a fictitious asset but an intangible asset which means it has no actual physical appearance and cannot be touched and felt like other assets like buildings and machinery. It is nothing but a firm’s reputation which can be sold just like other assets help the business grow and earn revenue. Goodwill is shown in the balance sheet as follows:

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Realization is an important principle in accounting. It is the basis of revenue recognition and it gives to accrual accounting. When we used the word realization, it is usually regarding revenue recognition. Realization of revenue means when revenue to be earned from the sale of goods or rendering oRead more

    Realization is an important principle in accounting. It is the basis of revenue recognition and it gives to accrual accounting. When we used the word realization, it is usually regarding revenue recognition.

    Realization of revenue means when revenue to be earned from the sale of goods or rendering of services or any other activity or source becomes absolute and certain. An item is to be shown as revenue in the books of accounts only after it is realized.

    Realization in case of sale of goods

    Realization occurs in the following situations:

    i) When the goods are delivered to the customer for a certain price

    ii) All significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer and the seller retains no effective control over the goods.

    Let’s take an example. Mr Peter received an order of 500 units of goods from Mr Parker on 1st April. The goods were delivered to Mr Parker on 15Th April and payment for goods was received on 30Th April.

    The realization of revenue from the sale of goods will be considered to have occurred on 15th April because the goods were delivered to the customer on that date. The entry of sale of goods will be entered on this day.

    Realization is not considered to have occurred on 1st April i.e the date of order because the seller had effective control on goods on that date.

    Realization in case of rendering of services

    The realization of revenue from the rendering of services occurs as per the performance of service.

    Now there arise two situations:

    • Multiple acts involved in the performance of service: Here, the revenue is realized proportionately on completion of each act.
    • A Single act involved in the performance of service: Here, revenue is realized only when the service is completely rendered or provided.

    Realization of income from other sources:

    • Interest Income: It is realized on a time proportion basis as per the amount outstanding and rates applicable.
    • Dividends: It is realized when the shareholder’s right to receive is established and when it is declared.

    Realization with regards to other sources of income is considered to have occurred only when there exist no significant uncertainty as to measurability or collectability.

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SidharthBadlani
SidharthBadlani
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition Contingent Asset is an asset the existence, ownership, or value of which may be known or determined only on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events. However, the difference between Contingent assets is not disclosed whereas Contingent liabilities are discloRead more

    Definition

    Contingent Asset is an asset the existence, ownership, or value of which may be known or determined only on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events.

    However, the difference between Contingent assets is not disclosed whereas Contingent liabilities are disclosed by way of notes they do have different criteria for recognition which are discussed below.

    For example:– a claim that an enterprise is pursuing through the legal process, where the outcome is uncertain, is a contingent asset.

    Contingent liabilities are defined as obligations relating to existing conditions or situations which may arise in the future depending on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain events.

    For example:- Billis discounted but not yet matured, arrears of dividend on cum –preferences-shares, etc.

    Meaning as per AS – 29

    Now let me try to explain to you the meaning according to Accounting Standard 29 of the above contingent assets and liabilities which is as follows:-

    • Contingent asset

    A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events.
    Not wholly within the control of the enterprise.

    It usually arises from unplanned or unexpected events that give rise to the possibility of an inflow of economic benefits to the enterprise.

    • Contingent liability

    A possible obligation that arises from past events the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events.
    Not wholly within the control of the enterprise.

    A present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognized because it is not probable that the outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation or,
    A reliable estimate of the amount of obligation cannot be made.

    Recognition In Financial Statements

    Contingent assets and liabilities are recognized as follows:-

    • Contingent Assets

    As per the prudence concept s well as present accounting standards, an enterprise should not recognize a contingent asset.

    It is possible that the recognition of contingent assets may result in the recognition of income that may never be realized.

    However, when the realization of income is virtually certain, the related asset no longer remains contingent.

    • Contingent liability

    As per the rules, it is not recognized by an enterprise.

    When recognized?

    Contingent assets are assessed continually and if it has become virtuality an outflow of economic benefits will arise.

    The assets and the related income are recognized in the financial statements of the period in which the change occurs.

    Contingent liability is assessed continually to determine whether an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits has become probable.

    And if it becomes probable that an outflow or future economic benefits will require for an item previously dealt with as a contingent liability.

    A provision is recognized in financial statements of the period in which the change probability occurs except in extremely rare circumstances where no reliable estimate can be made.

    Disclosure

    Now we will see how contingent assets and liability are disclosed which is mentioned below:-

    • Contingent asset

    These contingent assets are not disclosed in financial statements.
    A contingent asset is usually disclosed in the report of the approving authority ( ie.e., Board Of Directors in the case of a company, and the corresponding approving authority in case of any enterprise), if ab inflow of economic benefits is probable.

    • Contingent Assets

    A contingent liability is required to be disclosed by way of a note to the balance sheet unless the possibility of an outflow of a resource embodying economic benefit is remote.

     

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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. Pooja_Parikh Aspiring Chartered Accountant
    This answer was edited.

    A cash flow statement presents the changes in the cash and cash equivalents of a business. It classifies the cash flow items into either operating, investing, or financing activities. Unlike a balance sheet that provides information about the company on a particular date, a cash flow statement proviRead more

    A cash flow statement presents the changes in the cash and cash equivalents of a business. It classifies the cash flow items into either operating, investing, or financing activities. Unlike a balance sheet that provides information about the company on a particular date, a cash flow statement provides information about the flow of cash over a period of time.

    OBJECTIVE

    Information obtained through cash flow statements is aimed to assess the ability of a business to generate cash and at the same time, maintain liquidity. Therefore, important economic decisions can be made by evaluating these cash flow statements.

    Cash Flow statements are categorized into

    • Operating Activities: These activities refer to the main activities of the business during an accounting period. They involve revenue-generating activities. As per the indirect method, profit before tax is taken as the starting point and all non-cash expenses are added while non-cash incomes are deducted. Whereas in direct method, cash receipts and cash expenses are added and subtracted respectively. Eg: sale of goods.
    • Investing Activities: These activities involve the sale and purchase of non-current assets and investments. Eg: cash payment for machinery.
    • Financing Activities: These activities result in a change in capital or borrowings. Eg: cash proceeds from the issue of equity shares.

    Importance of Cash Flow

    A cash flow statement gives us knowledge about the liquidity and solvency of the company. These are necessary for the survival and expansion of the company. It also helps in predicting future cash flows by using information from previous cash flows. It also helps in comparison between companies which shows the actual cash profits.

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