AccountingQA Latest Questions

Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Interest on capital Interest on capital is interest payable to the owner/partners for providing a firm with the required capital to commence the business. Normally, it is charged for a full year on the balance of capital at the beginning of the year unless some fresh capital is introduced during theRead more

    Interest on capital

    Interest on capital is interest payable to the owner/partners for providing a firm with the required capital to commence the business. Normally, it is charged for a full year on the balance of capital at the beginning of the year unless some fresh capital is introduced during the year.

    When the business firm faces a loss, the interest on capital will not be provided. It is permitted only when the business earns a profit. Such payment of interest is generally observed in partnership firms. It is provided before the division of profits among the partners in a partnership firm.

    If an owner or partner introduces additional capital to the business then, it is also taken into account for providing interest on capital.

    Interest on capital in the accounting equations

    Interest on capital is an expense from a business point of view, as it is payable to the owner and is not paid in cash. Being an income from the owner’s point of view, it is added to his capital account. And being a business expense from the business point of view, it is therefore deducted from the capital.

    Hence, it further doesn’t create any change in the accounting equation mathematically but it’s mandatory to be shown as it plays a vital role in the profit and loss a/c and even helps the business save tax.

    Example

    Z started a business with cash and stock of ₹45,000 and ₹5,000 respectively. Further, he received interest on capital of ₹1,000. The accounting equation for the following transactions will be as follows:

    Accounting Equation

     

     

     

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Vijay
VijayCurious
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  2. Radha M.Com, NET
    This answer was edited.

    The entry for a loan (taken for any purpose) and a car loan are quite different. When you take a bank loan, you'll receive the money from the bank and subsequently, you'll start paying interest on it. In the case of a car loan, you don't receive the money from the bank. Once the car has been purchasRead more

    The entry for a loan (taken for any purpose) and a car loan are quite different. When you take a bank loan, you’ll receive the money from the bank and subsequently, you’ll start paying interest on it.

    In the case of a car loan, you don’t receive the money from the bank. Once the car has been purchased you’ll make the down payment and the remaining amount will be paid by the bank on your behalf. This car loan should then be paid to the bank in installments.

    The following journal entry is posted to record the car loan taken for office use:

    Car A/c is debited as there is an increase in the asset. Bank A/c is credited as the down payment for the car is made which reduces the assets. Car Loan A/c is credited as it increases liability.

    The following entry is recorded for the repayment of the loan (first installment) to the bank.

    Let me explain this with an example,

    Kumar purchased a car for 25,00,000 for his office use. He made a down payment of 2,00,000 and took a car loan from HDFC Bank for 23,00,000. The following entry will be made to record this transaction.

    Car A/c  25,00,000
       To Bank A/c    2,00,000
       To Car Loan A/c  23,00,000
    (Being car purchased through a loan from HDFC bank)

     

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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    The journal entry for the dividend collected by the bank is as follows: Bank A/c                                                                Dr. Amt To Dividend Received A/c Amt Here, Bank Account is debited and the Dividend Received Account is credited. This treatment is explained below. The logRead more

    The journal entry for the dividend collected by the bank is as follows:

    Bank A/c                                                                Dr. Amt
    To Dividend Received A/c Amt

    Here, Bank Account is debited and the Dividend Received Account is credited. This treatment is explained below.

    The logic behind the journal entry

    This can be explained through the following rules of accounting:

    • Golden rules of accounting
    • Modern rules of accounting

    Golden rules of accounting

    A bank account is a real account and the golden rule of accounting for the real account is, “Debit what comes in and credit what goes out”

    Hence, the bank account is debited as the money is coming into the bank.

    Dividend is an income hence dividend received is a nominal account. The golden rule of accounting for a nominal account is “Debit all expenses and losses and credit all income and gains”

    Hence, the dividend received account is credited as income.

    Modern rules of accounting

    As per modern rules of accounting, a bank account is an asset account.

    The asset account is debited when increased and credited when decreased.

    Hence, the Bank account is debited here as it is increased.

    A dividend received account is an income account.

    The income account is credited when increase and debited when decreased.

    Hence, the dividend received account is credited here as it is increased.

    Treatment in the financial statements

    Since the dividend received is an income; it is shown on the credit side of the Statement of profit and loss.

    The bank account is an asset so it will be shown on the balance sheet.

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Astha
AsthaLeader
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  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    Personal Accounts: The accounts of persons, firms, companies, etc. are personal accounts. There is a further classification to personal accounts- Accounts of Natural Persons: The transactions relating to individual human beings fall under this category. For Example, accounts of Joseph, Richard, MorrRead more

    Personal Accounts: The accounts of persons, firms, companies, etc. are personal accounts. There is a further classification to personal accounts-

    • Accounts of Natural Persons: The transactions relating to individual human beings fall under this category. For Example, accounts of Joseph, Richard, Morris, etc.
    • Accounts of Artificial Persons: The transactions relating to firms, organizations, companies, institutions, associations, etc. fall under this category. For Example, Oil India Ltd, Symbiosis college, Assam Tea company, etc.
    • Representative Personal Accounts: The transactions relating to certain person or a group of persons, although the name of the concerned person or persons are not mentioned in the account head, such types of accounts come under this head. Such type of accounts generally include outstanding accounts or prepaid accounts. For Example, accounts like wages outstanding, outstanding salary, commission received in advance, salary prepaid, etc.

    Note: When any Prefix or Suffix is used before/ after any nominal account head, such account is classified as Representative personal account under traditional approach.

    For Example, Salary A/c is a nominal account whereas salary outstanding A/c is a personal account as the word outstanding is being used as a prefix to Salary A/c.

    The Accounting rule for Personal Account is –

    Debit the Receiver of the benefit.

    Credit the Giver of the benefit.

    Real Account: The transactions relating to tangible things i.e. the things that can be seen, touched and physically exchanged and the intangible things that cannot be seen, touched but the presence can be felt comes under this category. For Example, tangible things like Cash, goods, building, machinery, etc. and intangible things like goodwill, patent, trademarks, etc.

    The Accounting rule for Real Account is –

    Debit what comes in.

    Credit what goes out.

    Nominal Accounts: The transactions relating to losses, expenses, incomes and gains comes under this category. For Example, Rent paid, wages paid, commission received, interest paid/ received, etc.

    The Accounting rule for Nominal Account is –

    Debit Expenses and Losses.

    Credit Gains and Incomes.

    Some Common Examples under the three heads are

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Jasmeet_Sethi
Jasmeet_SethiCurious
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DrawingsTrial Balance
  2. Manvi Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    Drawings mean the certain sum of amount or goods withdrawn by owners from the business for personal use. The drawings account is not an asset/liability/expense/income account, it is a contra account to the owner's equity or capital account. Drawings A/c will always have a debit balance. Drawings A/cRead more

    Drawings mean the certain sum of amount or goods withdrawn by owners from the business for personal use. The drawings account is not an asset/liability/expense/income account, it is a contra account to the owner’s equity or capital account. Drawings A/c will always have a debit balance.

    Drawings A/c debit balance is contrary to the Capital A/c credit balance because any withdrawal from the business for personal use will reduce the capital.

    Effect on Trial Balance: Drawings will be shown in the debit column of the trial balance.

    Effect on Financial Statements: The owner’s drawings will affect the company’s balance sheet by decreasing the asset that is withdrawn, and a corresponding decrease in the owner’s equity or capital invested.

    Example:

    Mr.B a sole proprietor withdraws $100 each month for personal use. At the end of the year Drawings A/c had a debit balance of $1,200.

    Mr.B records drawings of $100 each month and debits drawings a/c and credits cash a/c. At the end of the year, he will transfer the balance and will debit capital a/c and credit drawings a/c by $1,200.

    He will show a balance of $1,200 ($100*12) in the trial balance in the debit column. Assuming closing capital of $50,000.

    In the financial statement, the balance of drawings a/c will be deducted from the owner’s capital because it is a contra account and this will reduce the owner’s capital for the year.

     

     

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Nistha
Nistha
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Journal EntrySubscriptionSubscription Received in Advance
  2. Sandy CMA Final
    This answer was edited.

    To start with let me give you a brief explanation of what a subscription is After joining a not-for-profit organization, a member is required to pay a certain amount of money every year at periodical intervals in order to keep his membership activated, such an amount of money is the subscription. FoRead more

    To start with let me give you a brief explanation of what a subscription is

    After joining a not-for-profit organization, a member is required to pay a certain amount of money every year at periodical intervals in order to keep his membership activated, such an amount of money is the subscription.

    For accounting purposes, subscription is always taken on an accrual basis which means the amount which is received during the current year is only taken into consideration.

    Now, Subscription received in advance means the amount of money that has been received during the current year but which relates to the year that is yet to come. In other words, we can say it is the unearned income by the organization.

    It is recurring in nature and liability for the organization as it does not relate to the current year.

    Journal Entry for Subscription received in advance

    Here, the Subscription received in advance is credited to the Subscription account for the current year.

    This is the adjustment entry made during the current year.

    Treatment of Subscription in Financial Statements

    • Receipts and payment account.
    • Income and expenditure account.
    • Balance sheet.

    Receipts and Payment account: In the receipts and payment account, the entire amount of subscription is written on the receipts side. That is to say, subscription amount relating to the previous year, current year, and the year to come (outstanding subscription, current year subscription, advance subscription).

    Income and Expenditure account: In the Income and Expenditure Account, the subscription comes on the Income side. It is shown as

    Here, a subscription received in advance in the current year is deducted to find the actual amount because although the money is received in advance the benefits related to it are yet to be provided by the organization.

    Balance sheet: In the balance sheet, a subscription received in advance comes in the liability side under current liabilities as the benefits related to it are yet to be derived.

    For Example, Lionel club received subscription from its members for the year 2020 as follows-

    • Subscription of 2020 was received in 2019 – 2,000
    • Subscription of 2021 was received in 2020 – 3,000

    The total subscription was received during the year – 10,000

    Here,

    Subscription of 2020 was received in 2019- It is an Outstanding Subscription.

    Subscription of 2021 was received in 2020- It is an advance Subscription.

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)
    This answer was edited.

    Introduction Often cash is withdrawn by the owner or proprietor of a business for his or her personal use. Such withdrawal of cash is an outflow of capital from business and it is known as drawings. The accounting treatment of cash withdrawn for personal use is expressed in the accounting equation aRead more

    Introduction

    Often cash is withdrawn by the owner or proprietor of a business for his or her personal use. Such withdrawal of cash is an outflow of capital from business and it is known as drawings.

    The accounting treatment of cash withdrawn for personal use is expressed in the accounting equation as shown in the example below:

    It is shown as a negative figure under both assets and capital heading. I will be explaining why it is so.

    Accounting Equation

    The accounting equation represents the relationship between assets, liabilities, and capital of an entity whether profit oriented or not, according to which, the total assets of a business equals to the sum of its total capital and total liabilities.

    Assets = Liabilities + Capital

    This equation holds good in every monetary transaction or event like the event given in the question.

    Cash withdrawn for personal use

    We know every transaction affects two accounts. In this case, too, the ‘cash withdrawn for personal use’ affects two accounts. Cash withdrawn for personal use is known as drawings.

    Let’s see the journal entry for drawings of cash from business:


    Here the drawing account is debited because it is a contra-equity account i.e. it is a mirror image of the capital account or opposite of the capital account. Here the cash account is an asset account; hence it is credited as it is reduced.

    As drawings represent the outflow of capital from the business, it is written off from the Capital account in the balance sheet.

    Hence, in the accounting equation, the drawing amount is deducted from the Asset side and from the capital side, indicating a balance.

    It does not appear in the statement of profit or loss despite having a debit balance because it is not an expense account.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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Receipts and Payments Account for the year ended 31st March 2019 Receipts Amt Payments Amt To Balance b/d By General Expenses 32,000 Cash in Hand 40,000 By Newspapers 18,500 Cash at Bank 155,500 By Electricity 30,000 To Subscription By Fixed Deposits with Bank 180,000       2017-18                         12,000      (On 30 ...

  2. Karan B.com and Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    In the books of Rural Literacy Society Income & Expenditure A/c for the year ended 31 March 2019 Expenditure Amt Amt Income Amt Amt To General Expenses 32,000 By Subscription (W.N.1) 2,72,000 To Newspapers 18,500 By Legacy 12,500 To Electricity 30,000 By Government Grant 1,20,000 To Rent 65,000Read more

    In the books of Rural Literacy Society

    Income & Expenditure A/c for the year ended 31 March 2019

    Expenditure Amt Amt Income Amt Amt
    To General Expenses 32,000 By Subscription (W.N.1) 2,72,000
    To Newspapers 18,500 By Legacy 12,500
    To Electricity 30,000 By Government Grant 1,20,000
    To Rent 65,000 By Interest Received on Fixed Deposit 9,000
    Less: Prepaid Rent (65,000/13) -5,000 60,000     (1,80,000*10%*6/12)
    To Salary 36,000
    Add: Outstanding Salary 6,000 42,000
    To Postage Charges 3,000
    To Loss on Sale of Furniture (W.N.2) 13,000
    To Surplus (excess of income over expenditure) 2,15,000
    4,13,500 4,13,500

     

    Balance Sheet as on 31 March 2019

    Liabilities Amt Amt Assets Amt Amt
    Capital Fund (W.N.3) 3,85,500 Fixed Deposit 1,80,000
    Add: Surplus 2,15,000
    Advance Subscription 5,000 Books 50,000
    Outstanding Salaries 6,000 Add: Purchased 70,000 1,20,000
    Furniture 1,20,000
    Add: Purchased 1,05,000
    Less: Sold -50,000 1,75,000
    Outstanding Subscription 15,000
    Prepaid Rent 5,000
    Cash in Hand 30,000
    Cash at Bank 82,000
    Accrued Interest (W.N.4) 4,500
    6,11,500 6,11,500

     

    Working Notes:

    W.N.1: Calculation of Subscription

    Subscription for 2018-19 2,65,000
    Add: Outstanding Subscription (31 March 2019) 15,000
    Less: Outstanding Subscription (2017-18) -8,000
                     Total Subscription 2,72,000

    In the above calculation, for the year 2017-18 subscription amount was 12,000, and in the adjustment at the end of the year subscription was 20,000 so the difference of 8,000 is the amount of subscription that was outstanding.

     

    W.N.2: Calculation of loss on sale of furniture

    Book Value of Furniture 50,000
    Less: Sold -37,000
                    Loss on Sale of Furniture 13,000

     

    W.N.3: Calculation of Capital Fund

    Balance Sheet as on 31 March 2018

    Liabilities  Amt  Assets Amt
    Capital Fund (Balancing Figure) 3,85,500 Books 50,000
    Furniture 1,20,000
    Outstanding Subscription 20,000
    Cash in Hand 40,000
    Cash at Bank 1,55,500
    3,85,500 3,85,500

     

    W.N.4: Calculation of Accrued Interest

    Interest as of 30 September 2018 9,000
    Less: Interest as of 31 March 2019 -4,500
                   Accrued Interest 4,500
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AbhishekBatabyal
AbhishekBatabyalHelpful
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA

    Introduction A capital reduction account is an account used to pass entries related to the internal reconstruction of a company. During reconstruction, paid-up capital reduced is credited to this account; hence its name is capital reduction account. It is also known as the reconstruction account. TyRead more

    Introduction

    A capital reduction account is an account used to pass entries related to the internal reconstruction of a company. During reconstruction, paid-up capital reduced is credited to this account; hence its name is capital reduction account. It is also known as the reconstruction account.

    Type of account

    A capital reduction account is a temporary account open just to carry out internal reconstruction. It represents the sacrifices made by the shareholders, debenture holders and creditors. Also, any appreciation in the value of assets is credited to this account. It is closed to capital reduction when internal reconstruction is completed.

    Entries passed through capital reduction account

    When paid-up capital is cancelled.

    When paid-up capital is cancelled, the share capital account is debited and the capital reduction account is debited as share capital is getting reduced.

    Share Capital A/c Dr. Amt
    To Capital Reduction A/c Cr. Amt

    When assets and liabilities are revalued

    At the time of internal reconstruction, the gain or loss on revaluation is transferred to the capital reduction account instead of the revaluation reserve.

    Writing off of accumulated losses and intangible assets

    The credit balance of the capital reduction account is used to write off the accumulated losses and intangible assets like goodwill, patents etc which are unrepresented by capital. The capital reduction account is debited and profit and loss account and intangible assets accounts are credited.

    Capital Reduction A/c Dr. Amt
    To Profit and loss A/c Cr. Amt
    To Goodwill/ Patents A/c Cr. Amt

    Treatment in books of account

    The balance in the capital reduction account, whether debit or credit, it is transferred to the capital reduction account. Hence, it doesn’t appear on the balance sheet.

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. Rahul_Jose Aspiring CA currently doing Bcom
    This answer was edited.

    A balance sheet of a company is a financial statement that depicts the assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity of the company at a point of time, usually at the end of the accounting year. A balance sheet of a company is reported in a vertical format which is different from that of a partnershiRead more

    A balance sheet of a company is a financial statement that depicts the assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity of the company at a point of time, usually at the end of the accounting year. A balance sheet of a company is reported in a vertical format which is different from that of a partnership where the horizontal format is used.

    COMPONENTS OF A BALANCE SHEET

    The three main components of a balance sheet are Assets, Liabilities and Shareholders’ equity.

    • Assets: They are divided into two main categories that are current assets and non-current assets. If an asset is expected to be realised within 12 months or is primarily held for being traded, or is cash or cash equivalent, then those assets are termed as current assets. All assets that are not current assets are grouped under non-current assets. They are normally realised after 12 months.
    • Liabilities: They are categorised as current liabilities and non-current liabilities. If the amount owed by the company to an outside party is due to be settled in 12 months, then it can be termed as a current liability. The rest of the liabilities are referred to as non-current liability.
    • Shareholders’ Equity: This is the money owed to the owners of the company, that is shareholders. It is also called net assets since it is equal to the difference between total assets and total liabilities. Their main categories are Shareholders’ Capital and Reserves and Surplus.

    FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEET

    As per the Companies Act 2013, the following format should be used for preparing a balance sheet.

    From the above Balance sheet, we should get:

    Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity

    Relevant notes for each component should also be prepared when necessary.

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