AccountingQA Latest Questions

Radha
Radha
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  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified
    This answer was edited.

    The journal entry for asset purchase is- Particulars Amount Amount Asset A/c                                                             Dr $$$      To  Bank A/c $$$ According to the Modern Approach for Assets Account: When there is an increase in the Asset, it is ‘Debited’. When there is a decreaseRead more

    The journal entry for asset purchase is-

    Particulars Amount Amount
    Asset A/c                                                             Dr $$$
         To  Bank A/c $$$

    According to the Modern Approach for Assets Account:

    • When there is an increase in the Asset, it is ‘Debited’.
    • When there is a decrease in the Asset, it is ‘Credited’.

     

    So the journal entry here is about the purchase of an asset and since there is an increase in Asset, the assets account will be debited as per the modern rule and due to the decrease of cash in the bank account, it will be credited.

    For Example, Richard purchased furniture worth Rs 6,000 for his business.

    I will try to explain it with the help of steps.

    Step 1: To identify the account heads.

    In this transaction, two accounts are involved, i.e. Furniture A/c and Bank A/c as Richard has acquired the furniture paying a certain amount.

    Step 2: To Classify the account heads.

    According to the modern approach: Furniture A/c is an Asset account and Bank A/c is also an Asset account.

    According to the traditional approach: Furniture A/c is a Real account and Bank A/c is also a Real account.

    Step 3: Application of Rules for Debit and Credit:

    According to the modern approach: As asset increases because Furniture has been bought, ‘Furniture A/c’ will be debited. (Rule – increase in Asset is debited).

    Bank account is also an Asset account. As the asset is in the form of cash decreases because the amount has been paid by cash or cheque, Bank account will be credited. (Rule – decrease in Asset is credited).

    According to the traditional approach: Furniture A/c is a Real account and Bank is also a Real account, for which the rule to be applied is ‘Debit what comes in and Credit what goes out’. Furniture being asset comes in the business, so Furniture A/c will be debited and as cash goes out Bank A/c will be credited.

    So from the above explanation, the Journal Entry will be-

    Particulars Amount Amount
    Furniture A/c                                                      Dr 6,000
         To  Bank A/c 6,000

     

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA

    The partnership act 1932 does not mention the types of partners specifically. It does have mentions of ‘partner who is minor’ in section 30 and ‘partner by holding out in section 28. But we do come across many types of partners in partnership firms. Following is the list of the types of partners weRead more

    The partnership act 1932 does not mention the types of partners specifically. It does have mentions of ‘partner who is minor’ in section 30 and ‘partner by holding out in section 28.

    But we do come across many types of partners in partnership firms. Following is the list of the types of partners we generally see:-

    1. Active partner: – It is the partner who provides the capital and is also actively involved in the management and daily activities of the firm. Such a type of partner is of utmost importance to the firm. Apart from a share in profit and loss, he is also eligible to draw remuneration from the firm.

     

    1. Sleeping/ Dormant partner: – This type of partner does not participate in the daily workings of the firm nor actively participates in the management of the firm. Such a type of partner has a large sum of capital invested in the firm and shares the profits as well as losses of the firm.

     

    1. Partner by holding out:- If any partner, who by his words or by his conduct, represents himself as a partner of a firm, then he is called a partner by holding out. Such a partner is actually not a partner of the firm and doesn’t receive any share of profit as he has contributed no capital.

    As per section 28, such a partner is liable to any person who has given credit to the firm on             the belief that he is a partner of the firm.

     

    1. Minor partner: – If any person who is less than 18 years of age is admitted into the firm, such partner is known as a minor partner. Such a partner is entitled to the profits of the firm based on his capital but is immune from losses suffered by the firm.

     

    1. Secret partner: – It is a partner of a firm whose membership is kept hidden from the outsiders such as creditors and other third parties. But he is equally liable as other partners for the outside liabilities.

     

    1. Outgoing partner: – A partner who voluntarily leaves the partnership without dissolving the firm is called an outgoing partner or retiring partner. Such a partner is liable to all liabilities incurred before his retirement. But he can be held liable to outside liabilities if he fails to give public notice of his retirement.

     

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Karan
Karan
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Difference BetweenDissolution of FirmDissolution of Partnership
  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    Dissolution of partnership means partnership coming to an end while the firm still stands. Various reasons for the dissolution of partnership could be: Admission of a partner Death of a partner Retirement of a partner Dissolution of firm In the event of the above cases, the existing partnership is dRead more

    Dissolution of partnership means partnership coming to an end while the firm still stands. Various reasons for the dissolution of partnership could be:

    • Admission of a partner
    • Death of a partner
    • Retirement of a partner
    • Dissolution of firm

    In the event of the above cases, the existing partnership is dissolved and a new partnership is created with the new partners without affecting the firm.

    A new partnership deed is created, in case there is a partnership deed agreed among partners and new profit-sharing ratios among the partners are decided, while the assets and liabilities of the firm remain the same.

    Dissolution of a firm means the firm no longer exists. Various reasons for the dissolution of a partnership firm could be:

    • Mutual decision of partners
    • By the court of law

    A partnership firm is dissolved by a court of law when there has been a non-compliance of law, the firm is engaged in illegal practices, or that the court’s opinion is that it is in the public interest for the firm to be dissolved.

    The partnership is also dissolved with the dissolution of the firm but the converse need not be true.

    When a firm is dissolved, there is a sequence that is followed to pay creditors and partners.

    • First, outside creditors like banks, third party creditors are paid firstly with the cash available with the firm and then by selling the assets.
    • Second, partners who have lent money in the form of a loan to the firm are paid.
    • Lastly, if there is any surplus, partners are paid with the amount of their capital. In case of loss, partners are required to pay from their personal assets.

    Dissolution of the firm can be done by the partners themselves and they could also appoint a third person to do so on the payment of fees, charges, the proportion of surplus, or any contract that has been agreed to.

    To summarize, we can a draw a difference table as follows:

    Dissolution of Partnership Dissolution of Partnership Firm
    The partnership ends but the firm still stands. A partnership firm no longer exists.
    A new partnership deed is created by the mutual agreement of partners. A new partnership firm is created if the partners decide.
    Reasons:

    ·        Admission

    ·        Retirement

    ·        Death

    		 Reasons:

    ·        By court

    ·        Mutual decision of partners
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Jayesh Gupta
Jayesh GuptaCurious
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  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    A Cash Flow Statement analyzes the effect of various activities in the company on cash and, that is, it shows the inflow and outflow of cash and cash equivalents. A Fund Flow Statement analyzes the financial position of a company by the inflow and outflow of funds. Both the statements are financialRead more

    A Cash Flow Statement analyzes the effect of various activities in the company on cash and, that is, it shows the inflow and outflow of cash and cash equivalents.

    A Fund Flow Statement analyzes the financial position of a company by the inflow and outflow of funds.

    Both the statements are financial statements and are used to analyze the financial performance of the company of two different reporting periods. Both the statements record the inflow and outflow of cash or funds, as the case may be.

    The primary objective of preparing a Cash Flow Statement is to gain an understanding of the changes in the net working capital of the company and to classify the activities in the company under three different heads which helps in better analysis of Financial Statements for management, outsiders, and investors.

    The primary objective of preparing a Fund Flow Statement is to track the movements of funds in the company, as the extent of use of long-term and short-term borrowings, frequency of their procurement, its application, etc.

    The components of the Cash Flow Statement are:

    • Cash Flow from Operating Activities- activities concerning the regular business operations and working capital are classified under this head.
    • Cash Flow from Investing Activities- investment in long-term assets or sale of such assets are considered under this head.
    • Cash Flow from Financing Activities- borrowings that a company makes to fund its operations, their interest payment, and repayment are covered under this head.

    The components of the Fund Flow Statement are:

    Sources of Funds:

    • Owners
    • Outsiders

    Application of Funds:

    • Funds deployed in Fixed Assets
    • Funds deployed in Current Assets

    A sample format of the Cash Flow Statement will be:

    Particulars Amount
    Cash Flow from Operating Activities XXX
    Cash Flow from Investing Activities XXX
    Cash Flow from Financing Activities XXX
    Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents XXX
    Cash and Cash Equivalents at the beginning XXX
    Cash and Cash Equivalents at the end XXX

    A sample format of the Fund Flow Statement will be:

    Particulars Amount
    Sources of Funds XXX
    Funds from Operations XXX
    Sale of Fixed Assets XXX
    Issue of Shares XXX
    Issue of Debentures XXX
    Long Term Borrowings XXX
    Total (A) XXX
    Application of Funds XXX
    Loss from Operations XXX
    Payment of Tax XXX
    Repayment of Loan XXX
    Redemption of Debentures XXX
    Redemption of Preference Shares XXX
    Total (B) XXX
    Net Increase (Decrease) in Working Capital XXX

    To conclude the difference between Fund Flow and Cash Flow Statement will be:

    Cash Flow Statement Fund Flow Statement
    Record of inflow and outflow of cash. Record of sources and application of funds.
    Prepared to analyze cash used in various activities. Prepared to track the movement of funds and their applications.
    Components include:

    • Operating Activities
    • Investing Activities
    • Financing Activities
    		 Components include:

    ·       Sources of Funds

    ·       Application of Funds

     

     

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Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. Astha Leader Pursuing CA, BCom (Hons.)
    This answer was edited.

    General reserve is the part of profits or money kept aside to meet future uncertainties and obligations of the entity.  General reserve is created out of revenue profits for unspecified purposes and therefore is also a part of free reserves. General reserve forms a part of the Profit & Loss ApprRead more

    General reserve is the part of profits or money kept aside to meet future uncertainties and obligations of the entity.  General reserve is created out of revenue profits for unspecified purposes and therefore is also a part of free reserves.

    General reserve forms a part of the Profit & Loss Appropriation account and is created to strengthen the financial position of the entity and serves as a sources of internal financing. It is upon the discretion of the management as to how much of a reserve is to be created. No reserve is created when the entity incurs losses.

    General reserve is shown in the Reserves & Surplus head on the liability side of the balance sheet of the entity and carries a credit balance.

    Suppose, an entity, ABC Ltd engaged in the business of electronics earns a profit of 85000 in the current financial year and has an existing general reserve amounting to 100000. The management decides to keep aside 20% of its profits as general reserve.

    Then the amount to be transferred to general reserve will be = 85000*20% = 17000.

    In the financial statements it will be shown as follows-

    Now, in the next financial year, the entity incurs losses amounting to 45000. In this case, no amount shall be transferred to the general reserve of the entity and will be shown in the financial statement as follows-

    The creation of general reserve can sometimes be deceiving since it does not show the clear picture of the entity and absorbs losses incurred.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Interest on capital Interest on capital is interest payable to the owner/partners for providing a firm with the required capital to commence the business. It's a fixed return that a business owner is eligible to receive. When the business firm faces a loss, the interest on capital will not be providRead more

    Interest on capital

    Interest on capital is interest payable to the owner/partners for providing a firm with the required capital to commence the business. It’s a fixed return that a business owner is eligible to receive.

    When the business firm faces a loss, the interest on capital will not be provided. It is permitted only when the business earns a profit. Such payment of interest is generally observed in partnership firms. It is provided before the division of profits among the partners in a partnership firm.

    If an owner or partner introduces additional capital to the business, it is also taken into account for providing interest on capital.

    Sample journal entry

    Interest on capital is an expense for business, thus, debited as per the golden rules of accounting, debit the increase in expense, and the owner/partner’s capital a/c is credited as per the rule, credit all incomes and gain.

    As per the modern rules of accounting, we debit the increase in expenditure and credit the increase in capital.

    As we know, as per the business entity concept, business and owner are two different entities and a business is a separate living entity. Therefore, the capital introduced by the owner/partners is the amount on which they’re eligible to receive a return.

    Example:

    Tom is the business owner of the firm XYZ Ltd. He has contributed ₹ 10,00,000 to the business with 10% interest provided to Tom at the end of the year.

    Solution:

    Here interest on capital will be calculated as,

    Interest on capital = Amount invested × Rate of interest × Number of Months/12

    = 10,00,000 × 10% × 12/12

    = ₹ 1,00,000

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. Akash Kumar AK
    This answer was edited.

    Debts are of two types one is Good Debt, and another one is Bad debt. Bad Debts The amount which is not recoverable from the debtors is called Bad debt.  It is an uncollectable amount from the organization's customers due to the customer's inability to pay the amount of money taken on credit.  Read more

    Debts are of two types one is Good Debt, and another one is Bad debt.

    Bad Debts

    The amount which is not recoverable from the debtors is called Bad debt.  It is an uncollectable amount from the organization’s customers due to the customer’s inability to pay the amount of money taken on credit.

     

    Example 1

    Mr A borrowed $100 from Mr B for his college fee and agrees to pay in 2 months. After the time period is complete Mr A failed to repay the borrowed amount. This is a  Bad Debt for Mr B.

    Example 2

    XYZ Co. had made a credit sale of $50,000. A debtor who has to pay $1000 has been bankrupted. XYZ co. cannot recover the amount from the Debtor, so it records the irrecoverable amount as a bad debt.

     

    Journal Entry

    In this entry, “Bad debts are written off of Rs. 2000.”

    Bad debt is the amount not recoverable from debtors, which is a loss for the organization.

    Modern Rule

    The Modern rules of accounting for Expenses are “Debit the increase in expenses and Credit the decrease in expenses.”

     

    Golden Rule

    The Golden rules of accounting for expenses and losses are “Debit all expenses and losses, Credit all incomes and gains.”

    Bad Debts A/c Dr. 2,000

    To Debtor’s A/c 2000

     

    Bad debt is treated as a loss for the organization. As per the rule, this should be debited to the profit and loss account.

    Profit and Loss A/c Dr. – 2000

    To Bad Debts A/c – 2000

     

    Instead of passing two separate entries for writing off, we can combine the entries and pass one entry.

    Profit and Loss A/c Dr. 2000

    To Debtor’s A/c 2000

     

    Recovery of Bad debts

    Recovery of Bad debt is the amount received for a debt that was written off in the past. It was considered uncollectable.

    When we write off bad debt, it is recorded as a loss, but the recovery of bad debts is treated as an income for the business.

    It is treated as an income and the recovery of bad debt is shown on the credit side of the Income statement.

     

     

     

    Journal Entry for Recovery of Bad debts

    Bank/Cash A/c Dr. – Amount

    To Bad Debts Recovered A/c – Amount

    Rules applied in the Journal entry are as per the Golden rules of accounting,

    “Cash/Bank A/C” is a real account therefore debit what comes in and credit what goes out.

    “Bad Debts Recovered A/C” is a nominal account therefore debit all expenses and losses, and credit all incomes and gains.

     

    Treatment of “Bad Debt written off of Rs.2ooo.”

    In Trial Balance: No effect

    In Income Statement: It is shown on the debit side as Rs.2000 (loss)

    In Balance Sheet: Rs.2000 shall be deducted from the sundry debtor account.

     

     

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Ishika Pandey
Ishika PandeyCurious
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  2. SidharthBadlani CA Inter Student
    This answer was edited.

    Yes, a creditor is a liability. Creditors are treated as current liability. A creditor is a person who provides money or goods to a business and agrees to receive repayment of the loan or the payment of goods at a later date. The loan may be extended with or without interest. Creditors may be secureRead more

    Yes, a creditor is a liability. Creditors are treated as current liability.

    A creditor is a person who provides money or goods to a business and agrees to receive repayment of the loan or the payment of goods at a later date. The loan may be extended with or without interest.

    Creditors may be secured creditors or unsecured creditors. In the case of secured creditors, some collateral is usually pledged to them. In the case of a default, they can sell or otherwise dispose of the collateral in any manner to recover the money due to them.

    In the case of unsecured creditors, no collateral is pledged against the amount due to them. In the case of a default, they can approach a Court to enforce repayment but cannot sell any asset of the company by themselves.

    Why are Creditors treated as a liability?

    An asset is something from which the business is deriving or is likely to derive economic benefit in the future. The business has legal ownership of that asset which is legally enforceable in a court of law. For example, Plant and Machinery, accrued interest, building, etc

    A liability is a legal obligation of the business. It may be in the form of outstanding payments or loans or the owner’s share of the company that the company has to pay them as and when demanded.

    As the company has a legal obligation to pay money to the creditor, they are treated as a liability. Most creditors are to be repaid within 1 year and are hence classified as current assets.

    Treatment and Importance of Creditors

    Creditors are mostly treated as current liabilities. They are shown under the head “current liabilities” of the balance sheet of a company.

    The significance/importance of creditors is as follows:

    • The amount due to creditors affects the current and acid test ratio of a company significantly.
    • It affects the short-term cash requirements of a company.
    • It affects the credit policy of the company. A company can extend longer credit periods to customers if it can avail longer credit periods from its suppliers.
    • Having too many creditors or a large amount due to creditors can affect investor sentiment negatively regarding the business.

    We can conclude that the creditor being a person to whom the business is legally liable to pay a certain sum of money after a certain period of time has to be classified as a liability.

    Creditors play a major role in determining the success of a business. They act as a major constituent of the supply cycle of the business and affect the cash flows of the business. They are shown under the head “current liabilities” of the balance sheet of a company.

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. Kajal
    This answer was edited.

    Yes, Goodwill is a fixed asset because it adds to the value of the business over a long period. Goodwill can never be calculated for a short period.   GOODWILL Basically, goodwill is a premium or you can say an additional price you are paying because of the reputation of a firm or a person. YouRead more

    Yes, Goodwill is a fixed asset because it adds to the value of the business over a long period. Goodwill can never be calculated for a short period.

     

    GOODWILL

    Basically, goodwill is a premium or you can say an additional price you are paying because of the reputation of a firm or a person.

    You may have seen some famous shop in your locality which usually charges a higher price as compared to the other local shops selling the same product.

    You may have also noticed that bigger brands like Bata, Titan, Zara, etc. charge higher prices for their products as compared to the same products available in the local market and people are even willing to pay for them. Ever wondered why?

    This is because of the goodwill created by them over the years by providing quality products and services, good employee relationships, a strong customer base, social service, a brand name and so on. Customers trust them and for this trust, they are even willing to pay higher prices.

    Goodwill is the quantitative value (i.e. in monetary terms) of the reputation of the firm in the market.

     

    FIXED ASSETS

    An asset is any possession or property of the business that enables the firm to get cash or any benefit in the future.

    Fixed Assets are assets which are purchased for long-term use. They are for continued use in the business for producing goods or services and are not meant for resale. For example- Plant, machinery, building, goodwill, patents etc.

    Fixed assets can be tangible or intangible.

    Tangible assets are those assets which can be seen and touched and have physical existence like Plant and machinery, building, stock, furniture etc.

    Intangible assets are those assets which cannot be seen or touched i.e. they don’t have any physical existence like goodwill, patent, trademark, prepaid expenses etc. Even though they can’t be seen or touched by they have value and are not fictitious assets.

     

    Goodwill as a Fixed Asset

    Goodwill is an intangible asset as it cannot be seen or touched but has value and adds value to the business over a long period. Thus, goodwill is a fixed asset.

    It is shown in the balance sheet as a Fixed asset under the head Intangible asset.

    Goodwill can be

    • Self-generated (Non-Purchased goodwill)
    • Purchased goodwill

    Self-generated goodwill is created over a period due to the good reputation of the business. It is the difference between the value of the firm and the fair value of the net tangible assets of the firm.

    Goodwill = Value of the firm – Fair value of net tangible assets

    Here, F.V of net tangible assets = Fair value of tangible assets- Fair value of tangible liabilities

    Purchased goodwill arises when one business purchases another business. It is the difference between the price paid for the purchased firm and the sum of the fair market value of the assets received and liabilities to be paid by them on behalf of the purchased firm.

    Goodwill = Purchase price – (F.V of assets received + F.V of liabilities to be paid)

    Only purchased goodwill is recorded in the books of accounts because it is difficult to correctly calculate the value of self-generated goodwill as the future is uncertain, also its valuation depends on the judgement of the person calculating it, which defers from person to person. Since there is no fixed standard to calculate self-generated goodwill only purchased goodwill is recorded as the price paid for it at the time of acquiring another business.

    Suppose Firm A acquired Firm B.

    Purchase price= $100,000

    Assets received=$60,000

    Liabilities (to be paid by Firm A on behalf of Firm B) = $10,000

    Goodwill = $100,000 – ($60,000 + $10,000) = $30,000

    This, goodwill of $30,000 will be recorded under the head Fixed Asset, subhead Intangible Assets in the balance sheet of Firm A (that is in the balance sheet of the acquiring firm)

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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Calls in AdvanceCompanies Act
  2. Naina@123 (B.COM and CMA-Final)
    This answer was edited.

    To begin with, lets us understand what the Companies Act 2013 tells about calls-in-advance, so basically as per section 50 of the companies act 2013 "A company may if so authorized by its articles, accepts from any members the whole or part of amount remaining unpaid on any share held by him, even iRead more

    To begin with, lets us understand what the Companies Act 2013 tells about calls-in-advance, so basically as per section 50 of the companies act 2013 “A company may if so authorized by its articles, accepts from any members the whole or part of amount remaining unpaid on any share held by him, even if no amount has been called up”.

    To be more precise whenever excess money is received by the company than, what has been called up is known as calls-in-advance.

    Accounting Treatment

    Well, it is to be noted that calls-in-advance is never a part of share capital. A company when authorized by its article can accept those advance amounts and directly credit the amount received to the calls-in-advance account.

    As these advance amounts are a liability for the company these are shown under the head current liability of the balance sheet until calls are made and are paid to the shareholders.

    Since this is the liability of the company, it is liable to pay the interest amount on such call money from the date of receipt until the payment is done to the shareholders. The rate of interest is mentioned in the articles of association. If the article is silent regarding the rate on which interest is paid then it is assumed to be @6%.

    Accounting Entry

    Bonnie let us understand the entries with help of an example

    ADIDAS LTD issued 25,000 equity shares of Rs 10 each payable as follows:

    ON APPLICATION  Rs 5

    ON ALLOTMENT    Rs 3

    ON FINAL CALL     Rs 2

    Application on 30,000 shares was received. excess money received on the application was refunded immediately. Mr. X who was allotted 1,000 shares paid the call money at the time of allotment and all amounts were duly received assume interest rate @6% for 3 months, so the relevant accounting entry goes as follows:

    Important Points to be noted under calls-in-advance as per the companies act 2013

    • The shareholder is not entitled to any voting rights on money paid until the said money is called for.
    • No dividends are payable on advance money.
    • Board may pay interest on advance not exceeding 12%.
    • The shareholders are entitled to claim the interest amount as mentioned in the article, if there are no profits, then it must be paid out of capital because shareholders become the creditors of the company.
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