AccountingQA Latest Questions

Jasmeet_Sethi
Jasmeet_SethiCurious
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Fluctuating Capital Fluctuating capital is a capital that is unstable and keeps changing frequently. In the fluctuating capital, the capital of each partner changes from time to time. In partnership firms, each partner will have a separate capital account. Any additional capital introduced during thRead more

    Fluctuating Capital

    Fluctuating capital is a capital that is unstable and keeps changing frequently. In the fluctuating capital, the capital of each partner changes from time to time. In partnership firms, each partner will have a separate capital account. Any additional capital introduced during the year will also be credited to their capital account. In the fluctuating capital method, only one capital a/c is maintained i.e no current accounts like in the fixed capital a/c method. Therefore, all the adjustments like interest on capital, drawings, etc. are completed in the capital a/c itself.

    It is most commonly seen in partnership firms and it is not essential to mention the Fluctuating Account Method in the partnership deed.

    • All the adjustments resulting in a decrease in the capital will be debited to the partner’s capital, such as drawings made by each partner, interest on drawings, and share of loss.
    • Similarly, the activities or adjustments that lead to an increase in the capital are credited to the partner’s capital account, such as interest on capital, salary, the share of profit, and so on.

    Fluctuating Capital Account Format

     

     

     

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Atreya
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant

    Definition A limited liability partnership (LLP)is a business vehicle like a partnership that features the partners ‘ liability is limited. Thus, it has elements of partnership and company. Another important feature of LLP is that each partner is not responsible or liable for another partner’s miscoRead more

    Definition

    A limited liability partnership (LLP)is a business vehicle like a partnership that features the partners ‘ liability is limited. Thus, it has elements of partnership and company.

    Another important feature of LLP is that each partner is not responsible or liable for another partner’s misconduct or negligence.

    LLP as constituted in INDIA:

    The limited liability partnership act, 2008 came into effect on 31st march, 2009. LLP is different from a partnership as it operates like a partnership, but in an LLP each partner is protected from personal liability, except to the extent of his capital contribution in the LLP.

    • LLP is subject to income tax like any other partnership firm.

    • A partner is not liable for independent or unauthorized actions of other partners, thus allowing individual partners to be shielded from joint liability created by another partner‘s wrongful business decisions or misconduct.

    • LLP is a body corporate and legal entity separate from its partners. It has perpetual succession like a limited liability company.

    Indian partnership act 1932 is not applicable to LLPs and also the limit on the number of partners in an LLP is not applicable, unlike an ordinary partnership firm where the maximum number of partners cannot exceed the number specified under SEC 464 of Companies Act 2013, which at present is 50.

    The LLP Act, 2008 specifies that a least one of the partners in the LLP is a citizen of India and an Indian national.

    • The Registrar Of Companies ( ROC) is authorized to register and control LLPs.

     

    Characteristics

    • Separate legal entity :

    Like a company, LLP also has a separate legal entity. Therefore partners and LLP are distinct from each other, like a company where the company has a legal entity separate from its shareholders.

    • Minimum capital :

    LLP is not required to maintain minimum capital. Thus partners in LLP decide how much capital will be contributed by each partner.

    • The Minimum number of members :

    An LLP can be established with at least two members who shall also be the designated partners and shall have Director Identification Number (DIN).

    There is no limit on the maximum number of partners. Members other than designated partners are required to have DIN.

    • Audit is not mandatory :

    All companies, whether private or public, are required to get their accounts audited. However, an audit of LLP‘s books of accounts is not mandatory except :

    • If the contribution of the LLP exceeds Rs 25 lakhs: or
    • If the annual turnover of the LLP exceeds Rs 40 lakhs.

     

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  2. AishwaryaMunot
    This answer was edited.

    Meaning New profit-sharing ratio is the profit-sharing ratio after the new partner is admitted in the partnership. At the time of such admission there is change in old/existing partners’ ratio too. The share of new partner’s profit is acquired from old/existing partners’ share of profit. Thus, New pRead more

    Meaning

    New profit-sharing ratio is the profit-sharing ratio after the new partner is admitted in the partnership. At the time of such admission there is change in old/existing partners’ ratio too. The share of new partner’s profit is acquired from old/existing partners’ share of profit.

    Thus, New profit-sharing ratio can be stated as ratio in which all the partners, Old and New will share profits and losses of the partnership in future. The new profit-sharing ratio can be calculated as follows.

     

    Formula

    Sacrifice ratio is the ratio in which old/existing partners agrees to give away their share in profits for the new partner.

    For better understanding let’s see how calculation of New profit-sharing ratio can be done:

    Example : There are two partners in a partnership firm, Mr. Anil & Mr. Mukesh. Their profit-sharing ratio is 2:3. They wants to admit Mr. Nikhil as their third partner for 1/3rd share.

    In such case, Calculation of New profit-sharing ratio would be as follows:

    Total profit = 1

    Mr. Nikhil’s Share = 1/3

    Remaining Profit = 1 – 1/3 = 2/3

    So, this remaining share of 2/3 is shared among the old partners in their old ratio of 2:3.

    Mr. Anil’s Share = 2/3 x 2/5 = 4/15

    Mr. Mukesh’s Share = 2/3 x 3/5 = 6/15

    Mr. Nikhil’s Share = 1/3 x 5/5 =5/15

    So, New ratio would be 4/15: 6/15: 5/15 i.e., 6:4:5

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Manvi
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    The profit and loss appropriation account is an account created in addition to the Trading & Profit and loss account in the case of partnership firms. It is a nominal account. The net profit or loss from the Profit and loss account is transferred to the Capital A/c when we do the accounting of sRead more

    The profit and loss appropriation account is an account created in addition to the Trading & Profit and loss account in the case of partnership firms. It is a nominal account.

    The net profit or loss from the Profit and loss account is transferred to the Capital A/c when we do the accounting of sole proprietors.

    But, while doing the accounting of partnership, there is a need to appropriate this profit or loss as there are two or more partners’ capital accounts. So, for this purpose, the Profit and loss appropriation account is created.

    The net profit or loss is appropriated among the partner’s capital after adjustment the items like partner’s salary, commission, interest on capital, interest on drawing etc. It consists of items related to the partner’s claim.

    The format of the profit and loss appropriation account is as below:

    Let solve a problem to sharpen our concept:

    A and B are partners in firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 4:1. On 1st January 2019, their capitals were ₹ 20,000 and ₹ 10,000 respectively. The partnership deed specifies the following:

    1. Interest on capital is to be allowed at 5% per annum.
    2. Interest on drawings charged to A and B are ₹ 200 and ₹ 300 respectively.
    3. The net profit of the firm before considering interest on capital and interest on drawings amounted to ₹ 18,000.
    4. A is to be paid an annual salary of ₹2000

    Prepare Profit and loss appropriation account for the year ending 31st December 2019.

    Solution:

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Simerpreet
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  2. Mitika

    Types of Partnership A partnership is an agreement between two or more people who comes together to run a business. There are different types of partnerships formed with different perspectives as mentioned: General Partnership Limited Partnership Limited Liability Partnership Partnership at will ParRead more

    Types of Partnership

    A partnership is an agreement between two or more people who comes together to run a business.

    There are different types of partnerships formed with different perspectives as mentioned:

    General Partnership

    Limited Partnership

    Limited Liability Partnership

    Partnership at will

    Partnership for a fixed term

     

    General Partnership

    It refers to the partnership where all partners actively manage the business and have unlimited legal liability. Generally, all the partners share equal profit and loss in the business and are also equally liable for the outsider’s loan.

    All the partners are responsible for the business’s day-to-day operations and managerial responsibility.

    If the partners decided to share profit and loss in any other ratio (unequal ratio), then they have to disclose this in a agreement called a partnership deed.

    In this, debts are equally borne by selling the partners assets of all the partners. In case of dissolution, if the partnership firm has taken a loan from outsiders and does not have sufficient funds to repay the amount then the payment can be done by selling the partner’s personal property.

    It can be formed by signing the partnership agreement that would be proved as evident in case of disagreement among partners. For instance, if any partner dies or leaves the firm then they should follow the content of the agreement.

    A general partnership does not pay the tax instead the partners personally report their income tax return.

     

    Limited Partnership

    In a Limited partnership, all the partners contribute capital but not necessarily all of them manage the business.

    The old partners add a new partner into the partnership to fulfill the financial needs of the business i.e. for capital. The rights of decision-making are issued to new partners on the basis of their contribution of capital. The new partner is not associated with day-to-day business activities. He /She is called a limited partner or silent partner.

    The liability partner has limited liability to the extent of his capital. The personal assets of the limited partner can not be used for the payment of the firm’s liability.

     

    Limited Liability Partnership

    It is a more popular type of partnership in today’s world. To form an LLP you have to register under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008.

    In this, all the partners have limited liability to the extent of the capital investment in the business. The personal assets of the partners can not be used to discharge the liability of the partnership.

    A Minimum of 2 partners are required to form an LLP. However, no maximum limit on a number of partners.

    It has also some features of the company. It has a separate legal entity. The LLP can buy property in its own name and sue and be sued in its name.

    LLPs are often formed by professionals like Chartered Accountants, doctors and Legal firms.

     

    Features

    • It has a separate legal entity.
    • The cost of forming is low.
    • It requires less compliance and regulations.
    • Minimum two partners are required, no limit on the maximum number of partners.
    • The partners has limited liability.

     

    Partnership at will

    Partnership at will is a form of business where there is no fixed tenure of the partnership. That means there is no expiration of the partnership. But if the partnership is formed for a fixed duration and its period has expired and still continues then it will become a partnership at will.

     

    Partnership for a fixed term

    The partnership is created for a fixed duration of the interval. After the expiration of such duration, the partnership may come to an end.

    If the partners share profit and loss even after the expiration of the duration of the partnership then it will become a partnership at will.

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Karan
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Difference BetweenDissolution of FirmDissolution of Partnership
  2. PriyanshiGupta Graduated, B.Com
    This answer was edited.

    Dissolution of partnership means partnership coming to an end while the firm still stands. Various reasons for the dissolution of partnership could be: Admission of a partner Death of a partner Retirement of a partner Dissolution of firm In the event of the above cases, the existing partnership is dRead more

    Dissolution of partnership means partnership coming to an end while the firm still stands. Various reasons for the dissolution of partnership could be:

    • Admission of a partner
    • Death of a partner
    • Retirement of a partner
    • Dissolution of firm

    In the event of the above cases, the existing partnership is dissolved and a new partnership is created with the new partners without affecting the firm.

    A new partnership deed is created, in case there is a partnership deed agreed among partners and new profit-sharing ratios among the partners are decided, while the assets and liabilities of the firm remain the same.

    Dissolution of a firm means the firm no longer exists. Various reasons for the dissolution of a partnership firm could be:

    • Mutual decision of partners
    • By the court of law

    A partnership firm is dissolved by a court of law when there has been a non-compliance of law, the firm is engaged in illegal practices, or that the court’s opinion is that it is in the public interest for the firm to be dissolved.

    The partnership is also dissolved with the dissolution of the firm but the converse need not be true.

    When a firm is dissolved, there is a sequence that is followed to pay creditors and partners.

    • First, outside creditors like banks, third party creditors are paid firstly with the cash available with the firm and then by selling the assets.
    • Second, partners who have lent money in the form of a loan to the firm are paid.
    • Lastly, if there is any surplus, partners are paid with the amount of their capital. In case of loss, partners are required to pay from their personal assets.

    Dissolution of the firm can be done by the partners themselves and they could also appoint a third person to do so on the payment of fees, charges, the proportion of surplus, or any contract that has been agreed to.

    To summarize, we can a draw a difference table as follows:

    Dissolution of Partnership Dissolution of Partnership Firm
    The partnership ends but the firm still stands. A partnership firm no longer exists.
    A new partnership deed is created by the mutual agreement of partners. A new partnership firm is created if the partners decide.
    Reasons:

    ·        Admission

    ·        Retirement

    ·        Death

    		 Reasons:

    ·        By court

    ·        Mutual decision of partners
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Simerpreet
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  2. Vishnu_K Nil
    This answer was edited.

    Meaning of Partnership Deed A Partnership Deed is a written agreement between partners who are willing to form a Partnership Firm. It is also called as a Partnership Agreement. Contents of a Partnership Deed A Partnership Deed shall mainly include the following contents: Name of the Partnership firmRead more

    Meaning of Partnership Deed

    A Partnership Deed is a written agreement between partners who are willing to form a Partnership Firm. It is also called as a Partnership Agreement.

    Contents of a Partnership Deed

    A Partnership Deed shall mainly include the following contents:

    1. Name of the Partnership firm
    2. Address of the Partnership firm
    3. Details of all the Partners
    4. Date of commencement of the Business
    5. The amount of capital contributed by each of the partners forming the Partnership firm
    6. The Profit sharing ratio (The Business profit shared among the partners on a ratio basis)
    7. The rate or amount of Interest on Capital & the rate or amount of Interest on drawings to each partner respectively.
    8. The salary payable to each of the partners of the firm.
    9. The rights, duties, and power of each partner of the firm.
    10. The duration of the existence of the firm

    Importance of Partnership Deed

    1. Proper regulation of duties, liabilities, and rights of the partners are made in the partnership deed and hence there cannot be any issue during the course of the business.
    2. There can be no disputes between the partners upon Profit sharing, salary, commission, interest on capital, and interest on drawings.
    3. A partnership Deed acts as Legal proof for the conduct of the business and is used for many other registrations such as GST registration, and other related purposes.

     

    Format of a Partnership Deed

    The Partnership Deed shall originally be executed on an Indian Non-Judicial stamp paper.

    The format of the Partnership deed is given below with an assumption that 4 partners are forming the Partnership.

                                                                    PARTNERSHIP DEED

    This deed of partnership is made on [Date, Month, Year] between:

    1. [First Partner’s Name], [Son/Daughter] of [Mr. Father’s Name], residing at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code] hereinafter referred to as FIRST PARTNER.

    2. [Second Partner’s Name], [Son/Daughter] of [Mr. Father’s Name], residing at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code] hereinafter referred to as SECOND PARTNER.

    3. [Third Partner’s Name], [Son/Daughter] of [Mr. Father’s Name], residing at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code] hereinafter referred to as THIRD PARTNER.

    4. [Fourth Partner’s Name], [Son/Daughter] of [Mr. Father’s Name], residing at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code] hereinafter referred to as FOURTH PARTNER.

     

    Whereas, the parties hereto have agreed to commence business in partnership and it is expedient to have a written instrument of partnership. Now, this partnership deed witnesses as follows:

    1. BUSINESS ACTIVITY
    The parties hereto have mutually agreed to carry on the business of [Description of Business Activity Proposed].

    2. PLACE OF BUSINESS
    The principal place of the partnership business will be situated at [Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, State, Pin Code]

    3. DURATION OF PARTNERSHIP
    The duration of the partnership will be at will.

    4. CAPITAL OF THE FIRM
    Initially, the capital of the firm shall be Rs. [Total Partners Contribution].

    5. PROFIT SHARING RATIO
    The profit or loss of the firm shall be shared equally among all the partners and transferred to the partner’s current account.

    6. MANAGEMENT
    The [First Partner] of the firm shall be Managing Partner and he will look after all the day-to-day transactions of the firm and any legal activities in the name of the firm and the remaining partners shall cooperate to do so.

    7. OPERATION OF BANK ACCOUNTS
    The firm shall open a current account in the name of [Partnership Firm Name] at any bank and such account shall be operated by [First Partner] and [Second Partner] jointly as declared from time to time to the Banks.

    8. BORROWING
    The written consent of all Partners will be required for the partnership to avail credit facilities from any financial institution.

    9. ACCOUNTS
    The firms shall regularly maintain in the ordinary course of business, true and correct accounts of all its transactions and also of all its assets and liabilities, the property books of account, which shall ordinarily be kept at the firm’s place of business. The accounting year shall be the financial year from 1st April onwards and the balance sheet shall be properly audited and the same shall be signed by all the Partners. Every Partner shall have access to the books and the right to verify their correctness.

    10. RETIREMENT
    If any partner shall at any time during the subsistence of the partnership, be desirous of retiring from the firm, it shall be competent from his to do so, provided he shall give at least one calendar month’s notice of his intention of doing so. The remaining partner shall pay the retiring partner or his legal representatives of the deceased partner, the purchase money of his share in the assets of the firm.

    11. DEATH OF PARTNER
    In the event of the death of any partners, one of the legal representatives of the deceased partner shall become the partner of the firm and in the event, the legal representative shows their denial to point the firm, they shall be paid part of the purchase amount calculated as on the date of the death of the partner.

    12. ARBITRATION
    Whenever there by any difference of opinion or any dispute between the partners shall refer the same to the arbitration of one person. The decision of the arbitration so nominated shall be final and binding on all partners, such arbitration proceedings shall be governed by Indian Arbitration Act, which is in force.

    In witness whereof, this deed of partnership is signed sealed, and delivered this [Day, Month, Year] at [City, State]:

    FIRST PARTNER                                            SECOND PARTNER

    [Address Line 1]                                                        [Address Line 1]
    [Address Line 2]                                                        [Address Line 2]
    [City, State, Pin Code]                                              [City, State, Pin Code]

    THIRD PARTNER                                            FOURTH PARTNER

    [Address Line 1]                                                         [Address Line 1]
    [Address Line 2]                                                        [Address Line 2]
    [City, State, Pin Code]                                              [City, State, Pin Code]

    WITNESS ONE                                                  WITNESS TWO

    [Address Line 1]                                                         [Address Line 1]
    [Address Line 2]                                                         [Address Line 2]
    [City, State, Pin Code]                                               [City, State, Pin Code]

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Bonnie
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  2. Naina@123 (B.COM and CMA-Final)
    This answer was edited.

    To proceed with how to make a partnership deed, let me explain to you in short what is partnership deed? A partnership deed is the written agreement between the partners who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by them. This basically contains terms and conditions to be followed betRead more

    To proceed with how to make a partnership deed, let me explain to you in short what is partnership deed?

    A partnership deed is the written agreement between the partners who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by them. This basically contains terms and conditions to be followed between the partners.

    Few contents of the partnership deed are as follows:

    • Name, address, and type of business of the partnership firm.
    • Name & address of all the partners
    • Profit-sharing ratio.
    • Rights, duties, and liabilities of all partners.
    • Date of commencement of the partnership
    • Method of settlement of dispute among the partners.
    • Treatment of loss in case of insolvency of one or more partners.

     

    Generally, a partnership deed contains all those matters which can affect the relationship between the partners. However, if there is no such agreement the partnership should follow the provisions mentioned under The Partnership Act, 1932.

    Now coming to the main question how to make a partnership deed? See the process is not so complicated. The partnership deed may be oral or written, but as the oral agreement has no value for obtaining tax benefits, a partnership firm always prefers a written agreement.

    To prepare the same the partnership deed must be prepared on a stamp paper and signed by all the partners as per Indian Stamp Act and copies of the same should be with all the partners and also must be filed by the registrar of the firm.

    A deed may vary depending on the nature of the partnership they are engaged in. Generally, partnerships are of three types

    • General partnership
    • Limited partnership
    • Limited liability partnership

    the process of making deed is same for all but, the content of deed may vary depending on the liability of partners in the partnership.

    Further to know more about the registration process of partnership firm you can refer the following link https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Partnership_Act_1932.pdf

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Simerpreet
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  2. Akash Kumar AK
    This answer was edited.

    Partnership Firm Persons who have entered into a partnership with one another to carry on a business are individually called “Partners“; collectively called a “Partnership Firm”; and the name under which their business is carried on is called the “Firm Name” In simple words, A partnership is an agreRead more

    Partnership Firm

    Persons who have entered into a partnership with one another to carry on a business are individually called “Partners“; collectively called a “Partnership Firm”; and the name under which their business is carried on is called the “Firm Name”

    In simple words, A partnership is an agreement between two or more people who comes together to run a business on a partnership deed, which is called a Partnership firm. A Partnership Deed is a written agreement between partners who are willing to form a Partnership Firm. It is also called a Partnership Agreement.

    It has no separate legal entity which cannot be separated from the members. It is merely a collective name given to the individuals composing it. This means, a partnership firm cannot hold property in its name, and neither it can sue nor be sued by others.

     

    Contents of a Partnership Deed

    A Partnership Deed shall mainly include the following contents:

    1. Name of the Partnership firm
    2. Address of the Partnership firm
    3. Details of all the Partners
    4. Date of commencement of the Business
    5. The amount of capital contributed by each of the partners forming the Partnership firm
    6. The Profit sharing ratio (The Business profit shared among the partners on a ratio basis)
    7. The rate or amount of Interest on Capital & the rate or amount of Interest on drawings to each partner respectively.
    8. The salary is payable to each of the partners of the firm.
    9. The rights, duties, and power of each partner of the firm.
    10. The duration of the existence of the firm

     

    Types of Partners

    The following are the various types o partners

    1. Working partner or Active partner
    2. Sleeping partner
    3. Limited partner
    4. Partner in profit only
    5. Nominal or quasi partner
    6. Minor as a partner

     

    Types of Partnership Firms

    There are four types of partnership which are as below.

    1. General Partnership
    2. Limited Partnership
    3. Partnership at will
    4. Particular Partnership

    Essential characteristics of a partnership firm

    1. Two or More persons: There must be at least two persons to form a partnership. A person cannot enter into a partnership with himself. The maximum number of persons in a partnership should not exceed 50.
    2. Agreement between partners: There must be an agreement between the parties in a partnership. The relation of partnership arises from the formation of a contract i.e., Partnership deed.
    3. Mutual Agency: Partnership business can be carried on by all the partners or by any of them acting on behalf of the others. in simple words, every partner is an agent to the other partners and of the form. Each partner is liable for acts performed by other partners on behalf of the firm.
    4. Registration of Firm: Registration of a partnership firm is not compulsory under the Act. The only document or even an oral agreement among partners required is the ‘partnership deed’ to bring the partnership into existence.
    5. Unlimited Liability: the liability of the partners is unlimited for the debts of the firm. In case the assets of the firm are insufficient to pay the debts in full, the personal property of each partner can be attached to pay the creditors of the firm.
    6. Non-Transferability of interest: there is a restriction in the transfer of shares of profits of the partnership without the prior consent of all other partners.
    7. Sharing of profits: The profits must be distributed among the partners in an agreed ratio. Similarly, losses should be shared among the partners.
    8. Lawful Business: The business carried on by the partners must be lawful. Illegal acts such as theft, dacoity, smuggling, etc., cannot be called partnerships.
    9. Utmost good faith: A partner must observe utmost good faith in all dealings with his co-partners. He must render true accounts and make no secret profits from the business.

     

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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA

    The partnership act 1932 does not mention the types of partners specifically. It does have mentions of ‘partner who is minor’ in section 30 and ‘partner by holding out in section 28. But we do come across many types of partners in partnership firms. Following is the list of the types of partners weRead more

    The partnership act 1932 does not mention the types of partners specifically. It does have mentions of ‘partner who is minor’ in section 30 and ‘partner by holding out in section 28.

    But we do come across many types of partners in partnership firms. Following is the list of the types of partners we generally see:-

    1. Active partner: – It is the partner who provides the capital and is also actively involved in the management and daily activities of the firm. Such a type of partner is of utmost importance to the firm. Apart from a share in profit and loss, he is also eligible to draw remuneration from the firm.

     

    1. Sleeping/ Dormant partner: – This type of partner does not participate in the daily workings of the firm nor actively participates in the management of the firm. Such a type of partner has a large sum of capital invested in the firm and shares the profits as well as losses of the firm.

     

    1. Partner by holding out:- If any partner, who by his words or by his conduct, represents himself as a partner of a firm, then he is called a partner by holding out. Such a partner is actually not a partner of the firm and doesn’t receive any share of profit as he has contributed no capital.

    As per section 28, such a partner is liable to any person who has given credit to the firm on             the belief that he is a partner of the firm.

     

    1. Minor partner: – If any person who is less than 18 years of age is admitted into the firm, such partner is known as a minor partner. Such a partner is entitled to the profits of the firm based on his capital but is immune from losses suffered by the firm.

     

    1. Secret partner: – It is a partner of a firm whose membership is kept hidden from the outsiders such as creditors and other third parties. But he is equally liable as other partners for the outside liabilities.

     

    1. Outgoing partner: – A partner who voluntarily leaves the partnership without dissolving the firm is called an outgoing partner or retiring partner. Such a partner is liable to all liabilities incurred before his retirement. But he can be held liable to outside liabilities if he fails to give public notice of his retirement.

     

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