AccountingQA Latest Questions

Aadil
AadilCurious
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    The term ‘contra’ means  'opposite'. Therefore, a contra revenue account is an account that is opposite of the revenue accounts of a business i.e. sales account. It has the opposite balance of the revenue account i.e. debit balance. The purpose of the contra revenue account is to ascertain the actuaRead more

    The term ‘contra’ means  ‘opposite’. Therefore, a contra revenue account is an account that is opposite of the revenue accounts of a business i.e. sales account. It has the opposite balance of the revenue account i.e. debit balance.

    The purpose of the contra revenue account is to ascertain the actual amount of sales and record the items which have reduced the sales.

    These are the contra revenue accounts commonly seen in businesses:

    • Sales return account: This account records the amount of goods sold returned by customers. The journal entry for recording sale return is as follow:

    The total sales return is deducted from the sales in the balance sheet. Though being opposite of the sales account, the sale return account is not an expense account. It is considered an indirect loss as it reduces sales.

    • Sale Discount account: This account records the amount of discount allowed to customers. The journal entry for recording sale discounts is as follows:

    Sales discount is an expense hence it is debited to the profit and loss account.

    Sales returns and sales discounts are shown in the trading and profit and loss account in the following manner:

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Aditi
Aditi
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  2. Mehak
    This answer was edited.

    Revenue and income are two accounting terms that are often used interchangeably. However, it is important to understand that these two terms are different. Let us know the difference between the two through the discussion below: What is Revenue? Revenue is the total amount of a business's sales. ItRead more

    Revenue and income are two accounting terms that are often used interchangeably. However, it is important to understand that these two terms are different. Let us know the difference between the two through the discussion below:

    What is Revenue?

    Revenue is the total amount of a business’s sales. It is the total amount earned by a business before deducting any expenses. Revenue is recognized in accounting as soon as a sale happens, even if the payment hasn’t been received yet.

    For example, XYZ Ltd sold 100 pens at a selling price of 10 per pen. The total revenue of the business is hence 1,000.

    What is Income?

    Income is the amount earned by a business after deducting any direct or indirect expenses. It is the amount that is left after subtracting all expenses, taxes and other costs from Revenue.

    Which is a broader term between the two?

    Revenue is a broader term as it includes the total earnings a business generates before deducting any expenses. It includes all sales of goods or services during a specific period.

    On the other hand, income is calculated after deducting certain expenses like taxes, interest, etc. This makes it more specific and refined than revenue.

    Revenue provides a measure of a company’s ability to generate sales and income reflects the efficiency in managing costs and generating profits.

     

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Jasmeet_Sethi
Jasmeet_SethiCurious
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  2. Simerpreet Helpful CMA Inter qualified

    Sundry Debtors Sundry Debtors are those persons or firms to whom goods have been sold or services rendered on credit and the payment has not been received from them. In other words, Debtors are the persons or firms from whom the payment is to be received by the business. For Example, Ramen Sold goodRead more

    Sundry Debtors

    Sundry Debtors are those persons or firms to whom goods have been sold or services rendered on credit and the payment has not been received from them. In other words, Debtors are the persons or firms from whom the payment is to be received by the business.

    For Example, Ramen Sold goods to Sam on credit, Sam did not pay for the goods immediately, so here Sam is the debtor for Ramen because he owes the amount to Ramen.

    Another Example, If goods worth Rs 7000 have been sold to Sid on credit, he will continue to remain as debtor of the business so long as he does not make the full payment.

    Treatment:

    Sundry Debtor is considered as a current asset and hence it is shown on the assets side of the balance sheet under the Current Assets heading.

    Sundry Debtors are not considered as an item of profit and loss because it is not considered as an item of income or expense. However, the items associated with sundry debtors such as bad debts or provision for doubtful debts or bad debts recovered are shown in profit and loss accounts in the debit and credit sides respectively.

    Sundry Creditors

    Sundry creditors are those persons or firms from whom goods have been purchased or services rendered on credit and for which payment has not been made. In other words, Creditors are the person or firms to whom some money has to be paid by the business.

    For Example, Ramen purchased goods from Sam on credit, Ramen did not pay for the goods immediately, so here Ramen is the creditor for Sam because he owes money to Sam.

    Another Example, If Mr. Johnson purchased goods worth Rs 3000 from M/s. Rick & Co. on credit, Mr. Johnson will continue to remain as a creditor of M/s. Rick & Co. as long as the full payment is made by Mr. Johnson.

    Treatment:

    Sundry Creditor is shown in the liabilities side of the balance sheet under the heading Current Liabilities.

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Anushka Lalwani
Anushka Lalwani
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Interest on drawings Drawings refer to the money withdrawn by owners/partners for personal use from the business. The drawings, in accounting terms, can be of any type. It can be cash withdrawn from business or furniture or car etc. Drawings are money or assets that are withdrawn from a company by iRead more

    Interest on drawings

    Drawings refer to the money withdrawn by owners/partners for personal use from the business. The drawings, in accounting terms, can be of any type. It can be cash withdrawn from business or furniture or car etc. Drawings are money or assets that are withdrawn from a company by its owners for personal use and must be recorded as a reduction of assets. It’s paid back to the business with some interest.

    Interest on drawings is an income for the business and reduces the capital of the owner. Interest on drawings is the amount of interest paid by the partners, calculated concerning the period for which the money was withdrawn.

    • It’s an income for the business. Hence, credited to P&L Appropriation A/c.
    • It’s an expense for the owner/partner. Therefore, debited to owner’s/partner’s capital a/c
    • Interest on drawings is charged to the partners only when there is an agreement made among the partners in this regard or if it is mentioned in the Partnership Deed.

    Formulae for Interest on drawings

    There are three formulae used for calculating the interest on drawings. They are:

    1. Simple Method: In this method, as the name suggests, the amount of interest on drawings is calculated simply for the time the amount has been utilized.

    Interest on Drawings = Amount of drawings × Rate/100 × No. of Months/12 

    2. Product Method: This method is used when-

    • Drawings are made of unequal amounts at irregular intervals of time. Then this formula is used-

    Interest on Drawings = Total of Products × Rate/100 × 1/12

    • When drawings are made of equal amounts at regular/equal intervals of time. Then interest on drawings can be calculated on the total of the amount drawn, for the average of the period applicable to the first and last installment.

    Interest on Drawings= Total amount of drawings × Rate/ 100 × Average Period/12

    Also, note-

    Average Period = (No. of months left after first drawings+ No. of months left after last drawings)/2

    Example:

    Harish withdrew equal amounts at the beginning of every month for 9 months. Total drawings amounted to ₹6,000. Calculate the interest on drawings charged if the rate was 6% p.a.

    Solution:

    Average period = (No. of months left after first drawings+ No. of months left after last drawings)/2 = (9+1)/2 = 5 months 

    Interest on Drawings = Total of drawings × Rate/100 × 5/12

                                            = ₹ 6,000 × 6/100 × 5/12
                                            = ₹ 150.

    Journal entry for interest on drawings: 

    Interest transferred to Profit & Loss A/c:

     

     

     

     

     

     

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A_Team
A_Team
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A. Original B. Duplicate C. Personal D. Nominal

  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    The correct option is (A) Original. Journal entry is the book of the original entry. It is because every event or transaction which is of monetary nature is first recorded in the journal. The transactions recorded in the journal are known as journal entries. Journal follows the double-entry system oRead more

    The correct option is (A) Original. Journal entry is the book of the original entry. It is because every event or transaction which is of monetary nature is first recorded in the journal. The transactions recorded in the journal are known as journal entries.

    Journal follows the double-entry system of accounting. It means a journal entry affects at least two accounts. It is from the journal entries, the ledger accounts are prepared. For example, the transaction, ‘sale of goods for Rs 1000 for cash’ affects two accounts. The journal entry is:

    There are many special journals that record some special set of transactions which are called subsidiary journals or daybooks. Such special journals are not considered the books of original entry.

    Option (B) Duplicate is wrong. It is because the journal is the book where monetary events and transactions are recorded. It cannot be the book of duplicate entries. There is no such thing as ‘book of duplicate entry.’

    Option (C) Personal is wrong. Personal is a type of account under the golden rules of accounting. A personal account is a type of account that represents a person. But, the journal is not an account, it is a book. Also, there is no such thing as book of personal entry.

    Option (D) Nominal is wrong. Nominal is also a type of account under the golden rules of accounting. The nominal account is a type of account that represents an income, expense, gain or loss. Journal is a type of account but a book.

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A_Team
A_Team
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  2. Mitika

    Non-current assets are long-term investments that are not easily converted into cash within an accounting year. They are required for the long term in the business. They have a useful life of more than an accounting year. Non-current assets can be fixed assets and intangible assets. Fixed assets areRead more

    Non-current assets are long-term investments that are not easily converted into cash within an accounting year. They are required for the long term in the business. They have a useful life of more than an accounting year.

    Non-current assets can be fixed assets and intangible assets. Fixed assets are tangible assets that can be seen and touched. Whereas, intangible assets are those assets that can not be seen and touched.

     

    You can correlate examples of  Non-Current Assets with tangible and intangible assets as mentioned below:

    Land and building – They are fixed assets that will give long-term benefits and will be classified as noncurrent assets.

    Plant and Machinery ­– They are tangible assets will give future benefits and are thus mentioned under noncurrent assets.

    Office Equipment – They are tangible assets that will give future economic benefits to the company, and comes under noncurrent assets.

    Vehicles – They are tangible assets that will give long-term benefits, and will be classified as noncurrent assets.

    Furniture – They are also tangible assets that will give future benefits and are classified as non-current assets.

    Trademarks – These are intangible assets that will not be easily converted into cash and will be classified as noncurrent assets.

    Goodwill – They are intangible assets that can’t be easily converted into cash, and are classified as non-current assets.

    Patents – They are intangible assets that will not be converted into cash within an accounting period, and are classified as non-current assets.

    Copyrights – They are intangible assets that will not be converted into cash within an accounting period, and are classified as non-current assets.

    Long-term Investments – They are long-term investments that will not be easily converted into cash within an accounting period and are classified as non-current assets.

     

     

    Non-current Assets = Total Liabilities – Current Assets

     

    Current Assets are the assets that will be converted into cash within an accounting year. They include cash, bank, debtors, etc.

     

    BALANCE SHEET

    		  
    LIABILITIES ASSETS
    Capital xxx Fixed Assets  
    Reserves and Surplus xxx Land and Building xxx
        Vehicle xxx
    Current Liabilities   Furniture xxx
    Accounts Payable xxx    
    Bank Overdraft xxx Intangible Assets  
    Outstanding Expenses xxx Goodwill xxx
      Trademarks xxx
         
      Long-term Investments xxx
           
      Current Assets  
      Cash xxx
      Debtors xxx
      Others xxx
      xxx   xxx

     

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Radha
Radha
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    Meaning Capital assets mean the assets which are used in the business operations to generate revenue. The benefit from these assets is expected to flow to the enterprise beyond the time span of one year. Capital assets are commonly called fixed assets. Examples of capital assets are plant, machineryRead more

    Meaning

    Capital assets mean the assets which are used in the business operations to generate revenue. The benefit from these assets is expected to flow to the enterprise beyond the time span of one year. Capital assets are commonly called fixed assets.

    Examples of capital assets are plant, machinery, land, building, vehicles etc.

    To expense the capital assets for the economic benefits they provide, they are depreciated over their useful life on some equitable basis.

    When capital assets are sold, the gain on sale is credited to the capital reserve account. On loss, it is simply debited to the profit and loss account. Capital assets are shown under the heading ‘Plant, Property and Equipment’ under the asset head of the balance sheet.

    Assets that do not qualify as capital assets

    The assets which provide economic benefits for less than a year do not qualify as capital assets. Such as inventories, accounts receivables etc. are not capital assets.

    Also, those assets which are not intended to be held for more than 1 year are not capital assets even if such assets are capable of providing economic benefits for more than 1 year. Such assets will be considered current assets.

    For example, if a plot of land is purchased by a business but the intention is to sell it after 2 months then such land will not be considered a capital asset.

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Karan
Karan
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  2. Manvi Pursuing ACCA
    This answer was edited.

    The accounting equation represents the relationship between assets, capital, and liabilities of a business. It follows the concept of the double-entry bookkeeping system where every debit has an equal credit. The rules state that at any time a business’ assets should equal liabilities. This is alsoRead more

    The accounting equation represents the relationship between assets, capital, and liabilities of a business. It follows the concept of the double-entry bookkeeping system where every debit has an equal credit. The rules state that at any time a business’ assets should equal liabilities. This is also known as the statement of financial position equation.

    The accounting equation can be shown as follows:

      Assets = Capital + Liabilities

    For example, Liza starts a business by investing $3,000 as cash. In accounting terms, business and owner are separate and so business owes money to Liza as capital.

    In this example,

    Capital invested = $3,000

    Cash (Asset) = $3,000

    If Liza puts this into the accounting equation, it will be shown as:

    Assets = Capital + Liabilities
    $3,000 (Cash) = $3,000 + Liabilities

    Further, Liza purchases a market stall from Ben and the cost of the stall was $1,800. She purchases flowers from the wholesale market at a cost of $700. Now she is left with $500 cash out of the original $3,000.

    The state of her business has now changed and can be shown as follows:

    Assets = Capital + Liabilities
    Stall        $1,800 $3,000 + Liabilities
    Flowers     $700
    Cash         $500
                     $3,000 $3,000
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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .
    This answer was edited.

    Interest on capital Interest on capital is interest payable to the owner/partners for providing a firm with the required capital to commence the business. Normally, it is charged for a full year on the balance of capital at the beginning of the year unless some fresh capital is introduced during theRead more

    Interest on capital

    Interest on capital is interest payable to the owner/partners for providing a firm with the required capital to commence the business. Normally, it is charged for a full year on the balance of capital at the beginning of the year unless some fresh capital is introduced during the year.

    When the business firm faces a loss, the interest on capital will not be provided. It is permitted only when the business earns a profit. Such payment of interest is generally observed in partnership firms. It is provided before the division of profits among the partners in a partnership firm.

    If an owner or partner introduces additional capital to the business then, it is also taken into account for providing interest on capital.

    Interest on capital in the accounting equations

    Interest on capital is an expense from a business point of view, as it is payable to the owner and is not paid in cash. Being an income from the owner’s point of view, it is added to his capital account. And being a business expense from the business point of view, it is therefore deducted from the capital.

    Hence, it further doesn’t create any change in the accounting equation mathematically but it’s mandatory to be shown as it plays a vital role in the profit and loss a/c and even helps the business save tax.

    Example

    Z started a business with cash and stock of ₹45,000 and ₹5,000 respectively. Further, he received interest on capital of ₹1,000. The accounting equation for the following transactions will be as follows:

    Accounting Equation

     

     

     

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A_Team
A_Team
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Wages Outstanding Wages and Salaries Director’s Remuneration Advance Payment of Wages All of the Above

  2. SidharthBadlani CA Inter Student
    This answer was edited.

    The correct answer is option B. Wages and salaries are debited to the trading account. The trading account helps us to determine the Gross Profit Or Loss that a company earns or incurs by carrying on its core manufacturing or trading activities. Let us discuss the above items and their treatments inRead more

    The correct answer is option B. Wages and salaries are debited to the trading account.

    The trading account helps us to determine the Gross Profit Or Loss that a company earns or incurs by carrying on its core manufacturing or trading activities.

    Let us discuss the above items and their treatments in the final accounts one at a time:

    Wages Outstanding

    Firstly, “wages outstanding” is not debited into the trading account. It is a liability that is shown in the balance sheet.

    Outstanding wages imply remuneration due to be paid to the workers for the services they have already rendered to the business.

    Since the company has already received the service, it becomes a legal obligation for it to pay the wages to the workers for those services. Hence, outstanding wages are a liability.

    Wages and Salaries

    Wages and Salaries are debited to the trading account.

    Wages Vs Salaries

    Let us understand the difference between wages and salaries. Wages are the regular payments that are made daily, weekly or fortnightly. Such payments are mostly made to factory workers.

    Salaries, on the other hand, are assumed to imply the remuneration paid to office workers and sales staff.

    Wages are debited to the trading account, while salaries are debited to the Profit and Loss account.

    Director’s Remuneration

    No, the director’s remuneration is not debited to the trading account. This is because director’s generation is a business expense. It is a kind of salary provided to the director for the services rendered by him to the company.

    Directors’ remuneration refers to compensation the company gives to its directors for the services rendered. It is debited to the Profit and Loss Account.

    Advance Payment of Wages

    No, advance payment of wages is not debited to a trading account. It is shown by reducing it to wages. Advance payment of wages implying paying remuneration to the workers before the commencement of the period for which the wages relate to.

    However, one must note that if both wages and prepaid wages appear within the trial balance, then only the figure written against wages would appear in the trading account. There would be no treatment for prepaid wages.

    Let us consider a scenario where wages of amount 5,000 is appearing inside trial balance. Outside the trial balance, the following information is provided

    • Wages prepaid for the current financial year = 1,000
    • Wages prepaid for the next financial year = 2,000

    In the above case, the total wages to be debited to the trading account would be 5,000 + 1,000 – 2,000 = 4,000

    Significance of the Final Accounts

    • It helps in determining the net profit or loss of the entity for the current financial year.
    • It is a major source of guidance for investors. Shareholders decide whether or not to invest in a company on the basis of final accounts.
    • It allows banks and investors to see your business’s total income, debt load a,nd financial stability.

     

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