AccountingQA Latest Questions

Mehak
Mehak
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  2. Aditi

    Biological Assets comes under International Accounting Standard IAS 41 Agriculture. IAS 41 Agriculture is the first standard that specifically covers the primary sector. The scope of IAS 41 is accounting for agricultural activity. Agricultural Activity- It is the management of biological transformatRead more

    Biological Assets comes under International Accounting Standard IAS 41 Agriculture.

    IAS 41 Agriculture is the first standard that specifically covers the primary sector. The scope of IAS 41 is accounting for agricultural activity.

    • Agricultural Activity- It is the management of biological transformation by an entity and measuring the change in the quality and quantity of biological assets.
    • Biological Transformation- It comprises the process of growth, degeneration, production and procreation that cause qualitative or quantitative changes in a biological asset
    • Biological Asset – They are living plants or animals owned by an entity
    • Agricultural Produce- It is the harvested / detached product of the entity’s biological asset.

    IAS 41 does not apply to

    • Agricultural land
    • Intangible assets related to agricultural activity
    • Products that are the result of processing after the point of harvest, for example, yarn, carpet, rubber, wine, etc
    • The land on which the biological assets grow, regenerate, degenerate.

     

     

    Biological Assets

    Definition

    Biological assets are living plants or animals that go through biological transformation, owned by an entity to prepare agricultural produce for the purpose of agricultural activities only.

    Living plants include plants that are consumable within 1 year and are harvested. It also includes plants that are used for lumbering and wood-cutting activities.

    Examples

    Examples of biological assets are:

    Sheep, pigs, poultry, beef cattle, fish, dairy cows, plants for harvest etc

    Importance

    • Farming: They are key to agriculture and food production.
    • Income: They generate substantial income for businesses in industries such as vineyards, livestock, silviculture, etc.
    • Sustainability: Properly managing them helps the environment.

     

    Accounting & Presentation

    Recognition

    Under IAS 41 biological assets are recognised when

    • The business must have ownership over them from a past event.
    • The future economic benefits are expected to flow to the business from their ownership.
    • The cost or fair value of the asset can be measured reliably.

    Agricultural produce is recognised

    • It is recognised at the point of harvest or detachment.

    Agricultural produce is derecognised when

    • They enter the trading.
    • Enters the production process.

    Measurement

    • Biological assets are measured on initial recognition and at each balance sheet date at their fair value less costs to sell.
    • Costs to sell are incremental costs incurred in selling the asset.
    • Agricultural produce is measured at the point of harvest, at fair value less costs to sell at the point of harvest.
    • Agricultural produce after the point of harvest/ detachment is transferred and treated under the IAS 2 Inventory

    Gains & Losses

    • Gains and losses arising from the initial recognition of biological assets are reported in the statement of profit and loss.
    • The change in fair value less costs to sell of a biological asset between balance sheet dates is reported as gain or loss in the statement of profit and loss.
    • A gain or loss arising on initial recognition of agricultural produce at fair value less selling costs is included in profit or loss for the period in which it arises.

    Treatment

    • The sale of agricultural produce is treated as revenue in the statement of profit and loss.
    • Agricultural produce to be harvested for more than 12 months, livestock to be held for more than 12 months and trees cultivated for lumber are recorded as Biological assets under the Non-current assets head in the balance sheet.
    • Agricultural produce to be harvested within 12 months, livestock to be slaughtered within 12 months and annual crops like wheat, and maize are recorded as Biological assets under the head Current assets in the balance sheet.
    • Inventories produced from agricultural produce are presented as Inventory under the head Current assets in the balance sheet.

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AbhishekBatabyal
AbhishekBatabyalHelpful
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  2. Radhika
    This answer was edited.

    Capital maintenance is a principle that states profit should not be recorded until its cost or capital has been maintained. In other words, profit should not be recognized unless net assets have been maintained. Capital maintenance states that profit recognized is the increase in the value of net asRead more

    Capital maintenance is a principle that states profit should not be recorded until its cost or capital has been maintained. In other words, profit should not be recognized unless net assets have been maintained.

    Capital maintenance states that profit recognized is the increase in the value of net assets. However, there are two exceptions to it:

    • Cash increased because of sale of stock to shareholders
    • Cash decreased because of dividend payout to its shareholders

    It is important because:

    • It protects the interest of shareholders
    • It protects the interest of creditors
    • Accurately analyzing the performance of the company

    Capital maintenance is of two types:

    • Financial Capital Maintenance

    It is measured by the value of assets at the beginning and end of the financial year.

    • Physical Capital Maintenance

    It is measured by the production capacity at the beginning and end of the financial year.

    Capital maintenance is concerned with keeping proper account balances of assets and not the physical assets.

    Inflation is the increase in the economic value of goods due to the lower purchasing power and not an actual increase in the value of assets. So, if the value of an asset is increased due to inflation it does not depict the right picture for the company.

    Hence, if the value of assets increases due to inflation, companies need to adjust the value of assets to assess if capital maintenance has occurred. 

     

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Ishika Pandey Curious ca aspirant
    This answer was edited.

    Definition Debit balance may arise due to timing differences in which case income will be accrued at the year's end to offset the debit. The amount is shown in the record of a company s finances, by which its total debits are greater than its total credits. The account which has debit balances are aRead more

    Definition

    Debit balance may arise due to timing differences in which case income will be accrued at the year’s end to offset the debit.

    The amount is shown in the record of a company s finances, by which its total debits are greater than its total credits.

    The account which has debit balances are as follows:

    • Assets accounts
    Land, furniture, building machinery, etc

    • Expenses accounts
    Salary, rent, insurance, etc

    • Losses
    Bad debts, loss by fire, etc

    • Drawings
    Personal drawings of cash or assets

    • Cash and bank balances
    Balances of these accounts

    In class 11th, we learned about all these accounts that have debit balances.
    Where the total of the debit side is more than the credit side therefore the difference is the debit balance and is placed credit side as “ by balance c/d “

    Here are some examples showing the debit balances of the accounts :

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Bonnie
BonnieCurious
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  2. GautamSaxena Curious .

    Capitalize in Accounting The term 'capitalized' in accounting means to record an expenditure as an asset on the balance sheet. Capitalization takes place when a business buys an asset that has a useful life. The cost of the relevant asset is then allocated to expense over its useful life i.e charginRead more

    Capitalize in Accounting

    The term ‘capitalized’ in accounting means to record an expenditure as an asset on the balance sheet. Capitalization takes place when a business buys an asset that has a useful life. The cost of the relevant asset is then allocated to expense over its useful life i.e charging depreciation, etc. This means that the relevant expenditure will appear on the balance sheet instead of the income statement. The capitalizing of the expenses is a benefit for the company as the assets bought by them for the long-term are subjected to depreciation and capitalizing expenses can amortize or depreciate the costs. This process is called capitalization.

    In order to capitalize any expense, we’ll have to make sure it meets the criteria stated below.

    The assets exceeding the capitalization limit

    The companies set a capitalization limit, below which the expenses are considered too immaterial to be capitalized. Therefore, the limit is supposed to be followed and considered as it controls the capitalization of the expenses. Generally, the capitalization limit is $1,000.

    The assets have a useful life 

    The companies also seek to generate revenues for a long period of time. Thus, the asset should have a long and useful life at least a year or more. Thereby, the business can record it as an asset and depreciate it over its valuable life.

    Most of the important principles of capitalization in accounting are from the matching principle.

     

    Matching Principle

    The matching principle states that the expenses in the accounting should be recorded when they are incurred and not when the payment is made. This helps the business identify the amounts spent to generate revenue.

    For e.g, the company bought machinery for manufacturing goods with more efficiency. It is supposed to have a useful life for a period of over 10 years. Instead of expensing the entire cost of the machinery, the company will write off (depreciated) the cost of the asset over its useful life i.e 10 years. Therefore, the asset will be written off as it is used and these types of assets are automatically used as capitalized assets.

     

    Benefits of Capitalization

    Capitalization is of course recording expenses as an asset but this indeed has benefits.

    • This reduces the fluctuation of income over time as the fixed assets (long-term) are costly. For the small business owners or the small firms, it’s even greater.
    • The capitalization of expenditures increases the company’s asset balance, without changing the company’s liability balance. This improves the financial ratios like the current ratio.
    •  Small businesses have a provision for tax benefits related to the depreciation of capitalized assets. Section 179 of depreciation allows those business owners to depreciate certain assets quicker than others are allowed.

     

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AbhishekBatabyal
AbhishekBatabyalHelpful
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Meaning of lease A lease is an agreement or a contract in which the right to use an asset like land, building, or machinery is given by one party to the other party for a fixed period of time against the consideration of a single payment or a series of payments. There are two parties in a lease agreRead more

    Meaning of lease

    A lease is an agreement or a contract in which the right to use an asset like land, building, or machinery is given by one party to the other party for a fixed period of time against the consideration of a single payment or a series of payments.

    There are two parties in a lease agreement:

    • Lessor: The party who gives the right to use its asset in return for a series of payments or a single payment.
    • Lessee: The party who receives the right to use the asset from the Lessor.

    This is similar to a rent agreement or contract. The only difference between lease and rent is duration. A rent agreement is generally for less than 12 months while a lease agreement is for more than 12 months like 5 years or 10 years, sometimes even for like 99years.

     

    Type of lease

    There are two types of lease:

    • Operating lease
    • Finance Lease

     

    Operating lease

    • An operating lease is a type of lease in which the possession of the leased asset is transferred back from the lessee to the lessor at the end of the lease period.
    • Here, all the risk and rewards incident to ownership remains with the lessor, not the lessee.
    • The depreciation on the leased asset in case of operating lease is not charged by the lessee to its profit and loss account as the leased asset is not shown in the balance sheet. A leased asset is an off-balance sheet item in the case of an operating lease.

     

    Finance lease

    • Unlike an operating lease, the ownership of the leased asset is transferred to the lessee at the end of the leased period.
    • Thus, at the inception of the lease agreement, all the risk and rewards incident to ownership is transferred from the lessor to the lessee.
    • The depreciation on the leased asset is charged by the lessee to its profit and loss account as the leased asset is shown in the balance sheet. A leased asset is a balance sheet item in the case of an operating lease.
    • Along with the leased asset, the obligation to pay the future lease payment is also shown in the balance sheet as a non-current liability or current liability as the case may be.

     

    Difference between operating lease and finance lease in tabular format

     

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Ayushi
AyushiCurious
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  2. Pooja_Parikh Aspiring Chartered Accountant
    This answer was edited.

    The major affairs of the company are handled by the manager and hence he is entitled to receive some compensation for his efforts. This is termed Managerial Remuneration. The manager has to bring out the maximum potential of the employees while ensuring that the interests of the shareholders and othRead more

    The major affairs of the company are handled by the manager and hence he is entitled to receive some compensation for his efforts. This is termed Managerial Remuneration. The manager has to bring out the maximum potential of the employees while ensuring that the interests of the shareholders and other stakeholders are secured.

    MAXIMUM REMUNERATION

    As per section 197 of the Companies Act, the Company has certain limits on paying maximum remuneration, depending on whether he is working full-time or part-time. If the company has only one whole-time manager, he is entitled to a maximum remuneration of 5% of net profits. If there is more than one whole time manager, then the percentage increases to 10%.

    For part-time directors, the remuneration allowed is 1% of net profits (if there is a whole-time director present) and if no whole-time manager is present, then remuneration for a part-time director is 3%.

    Therefore, a company can only pay a maximum remuneration of 11% of net profits.

    A public company is allowed to pay remuneration in excess of 11% by :

    • Passing a special resolution approved by the shareholders
    • Subject to compliance with Schedule V conditions

    Remuneration can be paid to such managers who do not have any direct interest in the company and also possesses special knowledge and expertise along with a graduate-level qualification.

    PENALTY

    Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of managerial remuneration shall be punishable with a fine that can vary from Rs. 1 Lakh to a maximum of Rs. 5 Lakhs.

    However, Sec 197 applies to only public companies and hence private companies are free to pay managerial remuneration with no upper limit.

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A_Team
A_Team
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A. Original B. Duplicate C. Personal D. Nominal

  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    The correct option is (A) Original. Journal entry is the book of the original entry. It is because every event or transaction which is of monetary nature is first recorded in the journal. The transactions recorded in the journal are known as journal entries. Journal follows the double-entry system oRead more

    The correct option is (A) Original. Journal entry is the book of the original entry. It is because every event or transaction which is of monetary nature is first recorded in the journal. The transactions recorded in the journal are known as journal entries.

    Journal follows the double-entry system of accounting. It means a journal entry affects at least two accounts. It is from the journal entries, the ledger accounts are prepared. For example, the transaction, ‘sale of goods for Rs 1000 for cash’ affects two accounts. The journal entry is:

    There are many special journals that record some special set of transactions which are called subsidiary journals or daybooks. Such special journals are not considered the books of original entry.

    Option (B) Duplicate is wrong. It is because the journal is the book where monetary events and transactions are recorded. It cannot be the book of duplicate entries. There is no such thing as ‘book of duplicate entry.’

    Option (C) Personal is wrong. Personal is a type of account under the golden rules of accounting. A personal account is a type of account that represents a person. But, the journal is not an account, it is a book. Also, there is no such thing as book of personal entry.

    Option (D) Nominal is wrong. Nominal is also a type of account under the golden rules of accounting. The nominal account is a type of account that represents an income, expense, gain or loss. Journal is a type of account but a book.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Razeen_Nakhwa

    Accrual accounting is an accounting method where revenue or expenses are recorded when a transaction occurs vs. when payment is received or made.  The most common accrual accounting examples are sales on credit, purchases on credit, rent paid, electricity expense, depreciation, audit fees, and otherRead more

    Accrual accounting is an accounting method where revenue or expenses are recorded when a transaction occurs vs. when payment is received or made.  The most common accrual accounting examples are sales on credit, purchases on credit, rent paid, electricity expense, depreciation, audit fees, and other such things.

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Radha
Radha
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  2. AbhishekBatabyal Helpful Pursuing CA, BCOM (HONS)

    Meaning Capital assets mean the assets which are used in the business operations to generate revenue. The benefit from these assets is expected to flow to the enterprise beyond the time span of one year. Capital assets are commonly called fixed assets. Examples of capital assets are plant, machineryRead more

    Meaning

    Capital assets mean the assets which are used in the business operations to generate revenue. The benefit from these assets is expected to flow to the enterprise beyond the time span of one year. Capital assets are commonly called fixed assets.

    Examples of capital assets are plant, machinery, land, building, vehicles etc.

    To expense the capital assets for the economic benefits they provide, they are depreciated over their useful life on some equitable basis.

    When capital assets are sold, the gain on sale is credited to the capital reserve account. On loss, it is simply debited to the profit and loss account. Capital assets are shown under the heading ‘Plant, Property and Equipment’ under the asset head of the balance sheet.

    Assets that do not qualify as capital assets

    The assets which provide economic benefits for less than a year do not qualify as capital assets. Such as inventories, accounts receivables etc. are not capital assets.

    Also, those assets which are not intended to be held for more than 1 year are not capital assets even if such assets are capable of providing economic benefits for more than 1 year. Such assets will be considered current assets.

    For example, if a plot of land is purchased by a business but the intention is to sell it after 2 months then such land will not be considered a capital asset.

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Simerpreet
SimerpreetHelpful
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  2. Ayushi Curious Pursuing CA
    This answer was edited.

    Introduction  Working capital refers to the capital which is required by an enterprise to smoothly run its daily operations. It is the measure of the short-term liquidity of a business.  Working capital is the total of the current assets of a business, net of its current liabilities. Working capitalRead more

    Introduction 

    Working capital refers to the capital which is required by an enterprise to smoothly run its daily operations.

    It is the measure of the short-term liquidity of a business. 

    Working capital is the total of the current assets of a business, net of its current liabilities.

    Working capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities 

    The working capital consists of cash, accounts receivable and inventory of raw materials and finished goods fewer accounts payable and other short-term liabilities.

    Without a proper level of working capital, a business cannot maintain regular production and pay its creditors and expenses.

    Hence, for proper management of working capital, it is divided into types:

    • Permanent working capital 
    • Temporary working capital 

    I have discussed them below:

    Permanent Working Capital 

    It is the fixed level or minimum level of working capital that an enterprise needs to maintain to ensure production at the normal capacity and pay for its daily expenses. It is independent of the level of production.

    It is also known as fixed working capital.

    By ‘permanent’,  it does not mean that it will forever remain at the same level or amount but it may change if the overall production capacity changes. But such changes in permanent working capital are not often.

    Temporary Working Capital 

    It is the level of working capital that depends upon the level of production of a business. It is the excess working capital over the permanent capital that is required to meet seasonal high demand.

    It is also known as fluctuating working capital because it tends to change often depending on the level of production.

    Temporary working capital is required when high production is required to meet seasonal demands. 

    For example, a bakery will need more working capital to meet the increased demand for cakes and pastry during Christmas season 

    Graph showing permanent and temporary working capital

    Here, the temporary working capital is fluctuating whereas the permanent working capital is gradually increasing with time.

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