Introduction 

Working capital refers to the capital which is required by an enterprise to smoothly run its daily operations.

It is the measure of the short-term liquidity of a business. 

Working capital is the total of the current assets of a business, net of its current liabilities.

Working capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities 

The working capital consists of cash, accounts receivable and inventory of raw materials and finished goods fewer accounts payable and other short-term liabilities.

Without a proper level of working capital, a business cannot maintain regular production and pay its creditors and expenses.

Hence, for proper management of working capital, it is divided into types:

• Permanent working capital 
• Temporary working capital 

I have discussed them below:

Permanent Working Capital 

It is the fixed level or minimum level of working capital that an enterprise needs to maintain to ensure production at the normal capacity and pay for its daily expenses. It is independent of the level of production.

It is also known as fixed working capital.

By ‘permanent’,  it does not mean that it will forever remain at the same level or amount but it may change if the overall production capacity changes. But such changes in permanent working capital are not often.

Temporary Working Capital 

It is the level of working capital that depends upon the level of production of a business. It is the excess working capital over the permanent capital that is required to meet seasonal high demand.

It is also known as fluctuating working capital because it tends to change often depending on the level of production.

Temporary working capital is required when high production is required to meet seasonal demands. 

For example, a bakery will need more working capital to meet the increased demand for cakes and pastry during Christmas season 

Graph showing permanent and temporary working capital

Here, the temporary working capital is fluctuating whereas the permanent working capital is gradually increasing with time.

Shareholders are the entities that hold some amount or number of shares of a company. As we know that ownership of a company is divided into its shares, a shareholder is actually a part-owner of a company.

By entity, it means a shareholder may be:

• An individual
• Any other company
• Any other incorporated entity
• Cooperative society
• BOI( Body of Individuals)
• AOP(Association of Persons)
• Artificial Juridical Person

The rights of shareholders depend on the type of shareholder one is.

Types of shareholders

1.   Equity Shareholders: By the term ‘shareholders’ we usually mean equity shareholders. They are permanent in nature i.e. they are not repaid the money they have invested into the company until the company is liquidated or wound up. Equity shareholders have the following rights:

• Right to have a share in profits made by the company. The profit made by a company, when distributed to its equity shareholders is known as a dividend.
• Right to vote on all resolutions to be passed in the Annual General Meeting of a company.
• Right to get repaid in event of winding up of the company. However, they are paid after meeting the obligations of outsiders and of preference shareholders.
• Right to transfer ownership of the shares. A shareholder may sell its shares to some willing buyer and cease to be a shareholder of a company.

2. Preference Shareholders: They are shareholders who are given preference regarding:

• Dividend
• Repayment at time of winding up

Unlike equity shareholders, they are not of permanent nature. Preference shares are redeemable i.e. they are to be repaid after a period which cannot be more than 20 years from the date of allotment of such shares (as the Companies Act, 2013). Also, a company cannot issue irredeemable preference shares. The rights of preference shareholders are as follows:-

• By preference as to dividend, it means preference shareholders have the right to receive a fixed dividend as a certain percentage on the nominal value of the share and that too before equity shareholders are paid.
• Right to get repaid at the date of redemption.
• If the company get liquidated before redemption of the preference shareholder, then they have the right to get repaid before equity shareholders.

3.  Differential Voting Rights Shareholders: These shareholders hold equity shares but with differential, right as to voting i.e. they may either have less voting rights or more voting right as compared to ordinary equity shares. Generally, DVR shares carry less voting power.

For example, a DVR shareholder gets 1 vote for 10 shares whereas an ordinary equity shareholder gets 10 votes for 10 shares i.e. one vote for every share. DVR shares issued to raise not only permanent capital but also prevent dilution of voting rights.

The rest of the right remains the same as the equity shareholders.